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Aluminum and Neurodegenerative Disease

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Handbook of Neurotoxicity

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Abstract

This review assembles evidence derived from both epidemiological and laboratory studies that suggest exposure to aluminum salts may be more hazardous than generally recognized. The overview describes how available levels of environmental aluminum may be increasing, and it is submitted that this can have adverse health consequences. High levels of aluminum compounds are already recognized as being neurologically harmful, but there is growing evidence that low levels of aluminum can also have adverse consequences.

The mechanism by which aluminum salts can promote the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases is likely by way of acceleration of intrinsic undesirable events that are already taking place in the aging brain. The most deleterious of these is the gradual increase of inflammatory events with age that not associated with any exogenous provocative stimuli. The superfluous inflammation is harmful to cerebral function, and its intensity is further augmented in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Aluminum at low levels, paralleling those found in some residential drinking water supplies, leads to cerebral inflammation in experimental animals. The variable incidence of Alzheimer’s disease and other age-related neurodegenerative in different populations may be in part due to by the extent of aluminum ingestion. The subtle effects of Al may also be a substantial factor in overall incidence of diseases related to neurosenescence.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

Al:

Aluminum

APP:

Amyloid precursor protein

Aβ:

Amyloid peptide β

CC16:

Clara cell protein

CCL2:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

CRP:

C-reactive protein

EDTA:

Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

NLRP3:

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing protein

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

Th1:

T helper 1 cells

Th2:

T helper 2 cells

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor α

UK:

United Kingdom

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Toxicology Program, Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, and Dept. of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

    Stephen C. Bondy

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA

    Arezoo Campbell

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  1. Stephen C. Bondy
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  2. Arezoo Campbell
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Correspondence to Stephen C. Bondy .

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  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA

    Richard M. Kostrzewa

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Bondy, S.C., Campbell, A. (2022). Aluminum and Neurodegenerative Disease. In: Kostrzewa, R.M. (eds) Handbook of Neurotoxicity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15080-7_231

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