Synonyms
Definition
Intimacy can be defined as a process, a type, or a characteristic of interpersonal interaction. Intimate interaction in a romantic relationship includes self-disclosure, positive involvement with the other, listening, and understanding. The level of intimacy depends on a romantic couple’s degree of involvement in their interactions and the type of behavior they engage in.
Intimacy in romantic relationships can be determined by the level of emotional closeness (e.g., communication of understanding, validation, attention, emotional support, and responsiveness), physical closeness (touching, hugging, kissing, cuddling, and sexual intimacy), and cognitive closeness (e.g., sharing thoughts, expectations, beliefs, and communicating feelings openly).
Intimacy is considered one of the key elements of romantic relationships. Multiple studies show that it is one of the strongest predictors of the quality and...
References
Basson, R. (2000). The female sexual response: A different model. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 26(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/009262300278641
Beach, S. R. H., & Tesser, A. (1988). Love in marriage: A cognitive account. In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 330–335). Yale University Press.
Bodenmann, G., Pihet, S., & Kayser, K. (2006). The relationship between dyadic coping and marital quality: A 2-year longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology: JFP: Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 20(3), 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.3.485
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment (Attachment and loss). Basic Books.
Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1995). Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(3), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167295213008
Candel, O. S., & Turliuc, M. N. (2019). Insecure attachment and relationship satisfaction: A meta-analysis of actor and partner associations. Personality and Individual Differences, 147, 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.037
Carmichael, C. L., Goldberg, M. H., & Coyle, M. A. (2021). Security-based differences in touch behavior and its relational benefits. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(4), 550–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620929164
Chelune, G. J., Robinson, J. T., & Kommor, M. J. (1984). A cognitive interactional model of intimate relationships. In V. J. Derlega (Ed.), Communication, intimacy, and close relationships (pp. 11–36). Academic.
Cordova, J. V., & Scott, R. L. (2001). Intimacy: A behavioral interpretation. The Behavior Analyst, 24(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392020
Dalessandro, C. (2018). Internet intimacy: Authenticity and longing in the relationships of millennial young adults. Sociological Perspectives, 61(4), 626–641. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121417753381
Debrot, A., Cook, W. L., Perrez, M., & Horn, A. B. (2012). Deeds matter: Daily enacted responsiveness and intimacy in couples’ daily lives. Journal of Family Psychology: JFP: Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 26(4), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028666
Dewitte, M., Van Lankveld, J., Vandenberghe, S., & Loeys, T. (2015). Sex in its daily relational context. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(12), 2436–2450. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.13050
Durbin, K. B., Debrot, A., Karremans, J., & van der Wal, R. (2021). Can we use smart-phones to increase physical affection, intimacy and security in couples? Preliminary support from an attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(3), 1035–1045. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520970278
Fincham, F. D., Beach, S., & Nelson, G. (1987). Attribution processes in distress and nondistressed couples: Causal and responsibility attributions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01183133
Finkenauer, C., Kerkhof, P., & Pronk, T. (2018). Self-disclosure in relationships: Revealing and concealing information about oneself to others. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 271–281). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417867.022
Floyd, K. (2006). Human affection exchange: XII. Affectionate communication is associated with diurnal variation in salivary free cortisol. Western Journal of Communication, 70(1), 47–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310500506649
Floyd, K., Boren, J. P., Hannawa, A. F., Hesse, C., McEwan, B., & Veksler, A. E. (2009). Kissing in marital and cohabiting relationships: Effects on blood lipids, stress, and relationship satisfaction. Western Journal of Communication, 73(2), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310902856071
Hamilton, V., Kaptchuk, G., McDonald, A., & Redmiles, E. M. (2022). Safe digital intimacy: A research agenda. https://cs-people.bu.edu/kaptchuk/publications/sw-threat-modeling.pdf
Jakubiak, B. K. (2022). Affectionate touch in satisfying and dissatisfying romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(8), 2287–2315. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075221077280
Jakubiak, B. K., & Feeney, B. C. (2018). Interpersonal touch as a resource to facilitate positive personal and relational outcomes during stress discussions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(9), 2918–2936. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518804666
Jakubiak, B. K., & Feeney, B. C. (2019). Hand-in-hand combat: Affectionate touch promotes relational well-being and buffers stress during conflict. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(3), 431–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218788556
Jolink, T. A., Chang, Y. P., & Algoe, S. B. (2022). Perceived partner responsiveness forecasts behavioral intimacy as measured by affectionate touch. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 48(2), 203–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167221993349
Kwok, I., & Wescott, A. B. (2020). Cyberintimacy: A scoping review of technology-mediated romance in the digital age. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 23(10), 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0764
Ladner, J. (1982). Intimacy and sex therapy. In R. E. Fisher & V. S. Stricker (Eds.), Intimacy. Plenum Press.
Lippert, T., & Prager, J. K. (2005). Daily experiences of intimacy: A study of couples. Personal Relationships, 8(3), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00041.x
Lomanowska, A. M., & Guitton, M. J. (2016). Online intimacy and well-being in the digital age. Internet Interventions, 4, 138–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2016.06.005
Malouff, J. M., Schutte, N. S., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2014). Trait emotional intelligence and romantic relationship satisfaction: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Family Therapy, 42(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2012.748549
Moss, B. F., & Schwebel, A. I. (1993). Defining intimacy in romantic relationships. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 42(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.2307/584918
Park, Y., Impett, E. A., Spielmann, S. S., Joel, S., & MacDonald, G. (2021). Lack of intimacy prospectively predicts breakup. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(4), 442–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620929499
Popovic, M. (2005). Intimacy and its relevance in human functioning. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 20, 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681990412331323992
Prager, K. J., Shirvani, F. K., Garcia, J. J., & Coles, M. (2013). Intimacy and positive psychology. In M. Hojjat & D. Cramer (Eds.), Positive psychology of love (pp. 16–29). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199791064.003.0002
Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In S. Duck, D. F. Hay, S. E. Hobfoll, W. Ickes, & B. M. Montgomery (Eds.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (pp. 367–389). Wiley.
Schaefer, M. T., & Olson, D. H. (1981). Assessing intimacy: The PAIR Inventory. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 7(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1981.tb01351.x
Sexton, R. E., & Sexton, V. S. (1982). Intimacy. A historical view. In M. Fischer & G. Stricker (Eds.), Intimacy (pp. 1–20). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4160-4_1
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119
Sprecher, S. (1987). The Effects of Self-Disclosure Given and Received on Affection for an Intimate Partner and Stability of the Relationship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407587042001
van Lankveld, J., Jacobs, N., Thewissen, V., Dewitte, M., & Verboon, P. (2018). The associations of intimacy and sexuality in daily life: Temporal dynamics and gender effects within romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(4), 557–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517743076
van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., Dewitte, M., Verboon, P., & van Hooren, S. A. H. (2021). Associations of intimacy, partner responsiveness, and attachment-related emotional needs with sexual desire. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 665967. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665967
Waring, E. M., Tillman, M. P., Frelick, L., Russell, L., & Weisz, G. (1980). Concepts of intimacy in the general population. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168(8), 471–474. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198008000-00004
Weingarten, K. (1992). A consideration of intimate and non-intimate interactions in therapy. Family Process, 31(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1992.00045.x
Yoo, H., Bartle-Haring, S., Day, R. D., & Gangamma, R. (2014). Couple communication, emotional and sexual intimacy, and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 40, 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2012.751072
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Wiecha, J. (2023). Intimacy. In: Shackelford, T.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sexual Psychology and Behavior. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_1240-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_1240-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-08956-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-08956-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences