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Phloridzin: Advances on Resources, Biosynthetic Pathway, Bioavailability, Bioactivity, and Pharmacology

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Dietary Flavonoids

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Abstract

Flavonoids are polyphenolic molecules that are produced as bioactive secondary metabolites in plants and are responsible for its color, taste, and biological effects. Fruit and vegetable foods high in beneficial phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phenols are commonly found in today’s healthy diet. Phloridzin (PZ) is a flavonoid that belongs to the dihydrochalcones subclass. PZ is a highly active phytochemical, possessing multiple bioactivities. This chapter gives an overview of recent advances in natural sources, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, biotransformation, pharmacological effects as well as related molecular mechanisms, clinical potentials, toxicity, and applications in food industries of PZ. This will pave the way for future deep PZ research. Although various plant species have been recognized as possessing phloridzin, PZ is mostly found in the Malus genus. Furthermore, PZ has been utilized to differentiate the chemotaxonomic status of rosaceous plant species. Poor bioavailability is a consequence of this compound’s high phase I and II metabolisms, which has been demonstrated to be a barrier for the PZ clinical use. PZ is deglycosylated into phloretins in the small intestine, and these dihydrochalcones are converted further by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and sulfotransferases (SULTs) which represent major phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes to yield phloretin glucuronides and phloretin sulfate glucuronides, respectively. PZ possesses various pharmacological effects such as antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-obesity, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial. In conclusion, PZ is a promising bioactive compound in clinic applications or as supplements in food industries.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy

    Doaa Abouelenein, Giovanni Caprioli & Ahmed M. Mustafa

  2. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Doaa Abouelenein & Ahmed M. Mustafa

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  1. Doaa Abouelenein
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  2. Giovanni Caprioli
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  3. Ahmed M. Mustafa
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Correspondence to Giovanni Caprioli .

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  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain

    Jianbo Xiao

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Abouelenein, D., Caprioli, G., Mustafa, A.M. (2023). Phloridzin: Advances on Resources, Biosynthetic Pathway, Bioavailability, Bioactivity, and Pharmacology. In: Xiao, J. (eds) Handbook of Dietary Flavonoids. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94753-8_25-1

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