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Ischemic Stroke: Basic Pathophysiology and Clinical Implication

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Neuroscience in the 21st Century

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Abstract

Stroke is one of the most frequent causes of death worldwide. Clinically, stroke is a heterogeneous disease. Brain injury after stroke follows diverse signaling cascades that evolve in a complex spatiotemporal pattern. The core of the infarction is characterized by fast necrotic cell death. In the surrounding area, the penumbra, different cascades lead to delayed forms of cell death. However, endogenous protective mechanisms in the brain are geared to counteract the damaging cascades by mediating ischemic tolerance.

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Abbreviations

ACA :

Anterior cerebral artery

AMPA :

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoazolepropionic acid

ASIC :

Acid-sensing ion channel

BA :

Basilar artery

BBB :

Blood–brain barrier

CBF :

Cerebral blood flow

CCT :

Cranial computed tomography

COX-2 :

Cyclooxygenase-2

CT :

Computed tomography

DSA :

Digital subtraction angiography

DWI :

Diffusion-weighted imaging

ECG :

Electrocardiography

EPO :

Erythropoietin

FLAIR :

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery

ICA :

Internal carotid artery

IL :

Interleukin

MMP :

Matrix metalloprotease

MOMP :

Mitochondrial outer membrane depolarization

MRI :

Magnetic resonance imaging

NMDA :

N-methyl-d-aspartate

NO :

Nitric oxide

NOS :

Nitric oxide synthase

PCA :

Posterior cerebral artery

PET :

Positron emission tomography

PID :

Peri-infarct depolarization

PWI :

Perfusion-weighted imaging

ROS :

Reactive oxygen species

rtPA :

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator

SIDS :

Stroke-induced immunodepression

SOD :

Superoxide dismutase

TCD :

Transcranial Doppler

TGF-β :

Transforming growth factor beta

TIA :

Transient ischemic attack

TNF-α :

Tumor necrosis factor-α

VA :

Vertebral artery

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Philipp Mergenthaler, Ulrich Dirnagl & Alexander Kunz

Authors
  1. Philipp Mergenthaler
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  2. Ulrich Dirnagl
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  3. Alexander Kunz
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philipp Mergenthaler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA

    Donald W. Pfaff

  2. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD, USA

    Nora D. Volkow

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    John L. Rubenstein

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Mergenthaler, P., Dirnagl, U., Kunz, A. (2022). Ischemic Stroke: Basic Pathophysiology and Clinical Implication. In: Pfaff, D.W., Volkow, N.D., Rubenstein, J.L. (eds) Neuroscience in the 21st Century. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88832-9_97

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