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Biomarkers in Toxicology pp 1–23Cite as

Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase as a Biomarker of Environmental Lead Exposure

Part of the Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications book series (BDMDA)

Abstract

Lead is a prime, ubiquitous, environmental toxicant and multi-organ poison. One of the most recognized deleterious effects of lead exposure is neurotoxicity, which may at least in part arise from perturbation in cholinergic neurotransmission with possible impact on acetylcholinesterase activity. Although primarily located at the neuromuscular junction and cholinergic brain synapses, this pivotal enzyme is also present in peripheral cells such as human erythrocytes. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase, which correlates positively with brain acetylcholinesterase and represents neurotoxic targets in brain, is a conventional biomarker for the neurotoxic effects of pesticide exposure. However, recent reports have unveiled the sensitivity of this extra-neural enzyme to other environmental contaminants particularly lead, bringing to attention its relevance in the assessment of environmental lead exposure and lead-induced neurotoxicity. This chapter summarizes the evidence of the remarkable diversity of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase as a biomarker of environmental lead exposure and lead-induced alterations in human cholinergic system as well as the possible factors surrounding its applicability in this regard.

Keywords

  • Cholinergic neurotransmission
  • Environmental lead exposure
  • Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase
  • Environmental contaminant
  • Lead
  • Lead-induced neurotoxicity
  • Multiorgan poison
  • Neurotoxic effects
  • Toxicant
  • Toxic metal

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Abbreviations

ACh:

Acetylcholine

AChE:

Acetylcholinesterase

BChE:

Butyrylcholinesterase

BLL:

Blood lead level

CNS:

Central nervous system

LIN:

Lead-induced neurotoxicity

Pb:

Lead

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Pathology, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr.) College of Health and Medical Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan, Ogun State, Nigeria

    Nnenna L. Nwobi

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr.) College of Health and Medical Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan, Ogun State, Nigeria

    Joseph C. Nwobi

  3. Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Razaq A. Ogunbona

  4. Department of Anatomy, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr.) College of Health and Medical Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan, Ogun State, Nigeria

    Adebola O. Adetunji

  5. Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    John I. Anetor

  6. Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

    John I. Anetor

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  1. Nnenna L. Nwobi
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  2. Joseph C. Nwobi
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  4. Adebola O. Adetunji
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  5. John I. Anetor
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Correspondence to Nnenna L. Nwobi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Dr. Vinood B. Patel

  2. Sch Biomed & Health Sci, Wilkins Bldg, King's College London Franklin, London, UK

    Prof. Victor R. Preedy

  3. Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Med City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Dr. Rajkumar Rajendram

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Nwobi, N.L., Nwobi, J.C., Ogunbona, R.A., Adetunji, A.O., Anetor, J.I. (2022). Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase as a Biomarker of Environmental Lead Exposure. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R., Rajendram, R. (eds) Biomarkers in Toxicology. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87225-0_4-1

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