Abstract
Livestock food systems are changing rapidly with increasingly complex, dynamic, and globally connected production, harvesting, distribution, and consumption patterns. These changes carry new challenges from zoonotic diseases, which require an understanding of the socio-economic impact to develop, prioritize, and advocate for proportionate mitigation actions.
A full assessment of the socio-economic impacts of zoonotic diseases from a societal perspective can be challenging. Recognizing pathways for burden and loss and selecting appropriate tools, frameworks and data, form the foundation for that assessment. The value-add of this investment in understanding zoonotic impacts is the ability to recognize where the balance lies between costs of mitigation actions and avoidance of losses due to ill-health and poor animal welfare. This balance may equate to a wider economic efficiency view, which includes investments in research, education, and coordination that allows people and livestock keepers improved access to zoonotic disease mitigation options.
This chapter presents the case for better use of socio-economic impact assessments to improve our understanding of the burden and subsequent control of zoonoses.
Keywords
- Zoonoses
- Economic assessment
- Burden of disease
- Food systems
- Impact
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
Atkinson N (1999) The Impact ofBSE on the U.K. Economy. Paper presented to the 1st Symposium on Animal and Human TSEs, Buenos Aires
Ayala G, Velasco RJ (2005) Informe de Evaluacion Nacional Subprograma Salud Animal. Available at https://www.agricultura.gob.mx/sites/default/files/sagarpa/document/2018/11/14/1533/14112018-2004-nal-sa.pdf
Babo Martins S, Rushton J (2014) Cost-effectiveness analysis – adding value to animal health, welfare and production assessment. Rev Sci Tech 33(3):681–689
Bánáti D (2011) Consumer response to food scandals and scares. Trends Food Sci Technol 22:56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2010.12.007
Benedictus A, Hogeveen H, Berends BR (2009) The price of the precautionary principle: cost-effectiveness of BSE intervention strategies in The Netherlands. Prev Vet Med 89:212–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.03.001
Bennett R (1998) Measuring public support for animal welfare legislation: a case study of cage egg production. Anim Welf 7:1–10
Bennett R, IJpelaar J (2005) Updated estimates of the costs associated with thirty four endemic livestock diseases in Great Britain: a note. J Agric Econ 56:135–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2005.tb00126.x
Bennett CE, Thomas R, Williams M, Zalasiewicz J, Edgeworth M, Miller H et al (2018) The broiler chicken as a signal of a human reconfigured biosphere. R Soc Open Sci 5. https://doi.org/10.1098/RSOS.180325
Budke CM, Deplazes P, Torgerson PR (2006) Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis. Emerg Infect Dis 12:296. https://doi.org/10.3201/EID1202.050499
Carabin H, Traoré AA (2014) Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis control and elimination through community-based interventions. Curr Trop Med Rep 1:181–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40475-014-0029-4
Carabin H, Budke CM, Cowan LD, Willingham AL, Torgerson PR (2005) Methods for assessing the burden of parasitic zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis. Trends Parasitol 21:327–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2005.05.009
Chapot L, Whatford L, Compston P, Tak M, Cuevas S, Garza M, Bennani H, Bin Aslam H, Hennessey M, Limon G et al (2021) A global media analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on chicken meat food systems: key vulnerabilities and opportunities for building resilience. Sustainability 13:9435. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169435
Charypkhan D, Sultanov AA, Ivanov NP, Baramova SA, Taitubayev MK, Torgerson PR (2019) Economic and health burden of brucellosis in Kazakhstan. Zoonoses Public Health 66:487–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/ZPH.12582
Choudhury AAK, Conlan JV, Racloz VN, Reid SA, Blacksell SD, Fenwick SG et al (2013) The economic impact of pig-associated parasitic zoonosis in northern Lao PDR. EcoHealth. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-013-0821-y
Coffey B, Mintert J, Fox JA, Schroeder TC, Valentin L (2005) The economic impact of BSE on the U.S. beef industry: product value losses, regulatory costs, and consumer reactions. Available at https://krex.k-state.edu/handle/2097/12460
Corbel MJ (1997) Brucellosis: an overview. Emerg Infect Dis 3:213. https://doi.org/10.3201/EID0302.970219
Corbel MJ (2006) Brucellosis in humans and animals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/World Organization for Animal Health, Rome
Costanza R, de Groot R, Sutton P, van der Ploeg S, Anderson SJ, Kubiszewski I et al (2014) Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Glob Environ Change 26:152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2014.04.002
Dadar M, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Dhama K (2021) Importance of brucellosis control programs of livestock on the improvement of one health. Vet Q 41:137–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2021.1894501
Dasgupta P (2021) The economics of biodiversity: the Dasgupta review. HM Treasury, London
Dobson AP, Pimm SL, Hannah L, Kaufman L, Ahumada JA, Ando AW et al (2020) Ecology and economics for pandemic prevention: investments to prevent tropical deforestation and to limit wildlife trade will protect against future zoonosis outbreaks. Science 369:379–381. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.ABC3189
Eckhardt M, Santillán D, Faresjö T, Forsberg BC, Falk M (2018) Universal health coverage in rural Ecuador: a cross-sectional study of perceived emergencies. West J Emerg Med 19:889. https://doi.org/10.5811/WESTJEM.2018.6.38410
EFSA (2013) Zoonotic diseases. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/zoonoticdiseases.htm
Ethiopia-Netherlands Trade for Agricultural Growth (2020) COVID-19 effects on the Ethiopian poultry sector. Available at https://benefitethiopia.files.wordpress.com/2020/06/coronaeffect_poultrysector_062020-1.pdf
Feng H, Wang X, Duan Y, Zhang J, Zhang X (2020) Applying blockchain technology to improve agri-food traceability: a review of development methods, benefits and challenges. J Clean Prod 260:121031. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.121031
Fisher JR (1998) Cattle plagues past and present: the mystery of mad cow disease. J Contemp Hist 33:215–228
Franc KA, Krecek RC, Häsler BN, Arenas-Gamboa AM (2018) Brucellosis remains a neglected disease in the developing world: a call for interdisciplinary action. BMC Public Health 18:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-017-5016-Y
García HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH (2003) Taenia solium cysticercosis. Lancet 362:547–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14117-7
Gibb R, Redding DW, Chin KQ, Donnelly CA, Blackburn TM, Newbold T et al (2020) Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems. Nature 584(7821):398–402. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2562-8
Gonzalez CG (2010) The global food crisis: law, policy, and the elusive quest for justice. Yale Hum Rights Dev Law J 13:462–479
Grace D, Gilbert J, Randolph T, Kang’ethe E. (2012) The multiple burdens of zoonotic disease and an Ecohealth approach to their assessment. Trop Anim Health Prod 44(Suppl 1):S67–S73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0209-y
Haider N, Rothman-Ostrow P, Osman AY, Arruda LB, Macfarlane-Berry L, Elton L et al (2020) COVID-19 – zoonosis or emerging infectious disease? Front Public Health 8:763. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPUBH.2020.596944
Hall DC, Benigno C, Kalpravidh W (2006) The impact of avian influenza on small and medium scale poultry producers in South East Asia (preliminary findings). Sel. Pap. Prep. Present. Am. Agric. Econ. Assoc. Annu. Meet. Long Beach, California, 23–26 July 2006, pp 1–27
Harrison M (2004) Disease and the modern world 1500 to the present day. Polity Press, Cambridge, UK
Häsler BN, Dominguez-Salas P, Fornace K, Garza M, Grace D, Rushton J (2017) Where food safety meets nutrition outcomes in livestock and fish value chains: a conceptual approach. Food Sec 9:1001–1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0710-2
Hasnain S, Ingram J, Zurek M (2020) Mapping the UK Food System – a report for the UKRI Transforming UK Food Systems Programme. Available at https://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/food/downloads/Mapping-the-UK-food-system-digital.pdf
Hays J (2009) The burdens of disease. Epidemics and human response in Western history. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick
Herrera E, Palomares G, Díaz-Aparicio E (2008) Milk production increase in a dairy farm under a six-year Brucellosis control program. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1149:296–299. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1428.011
Herrera-Araujo D, Mikecz O, Pica-Ciamarra U (2020) Placing a monetary value on the human health component of zoonotic diseases: a methodological note with an application to cysticercosis in Africa. Prev Vet Med 175:104862. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2019.104862
Howard PH (2017) Corporate concentration in global meat processing: the role of government subsidies. Available at https://philhowardnet.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/corporate-concentration-in-global-meat-processing1.pdf
Howe KS, Häsler B, Stärk KDC (2013) Economic principles for resource allocation decisions at national level to mitigate the effects of disease in farm animal populations. Epidemiol Infect 141:91–101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026881200060X
Ibrahim MK, Zambruni M, Melby CL, Melby PC (2017) Impact of childhood malnutrition on host defense and infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 30:919–971. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00119-16
Jones RD, Kelly L, England T, MacMillan A, Wooldridge M (2004) A quantitative risk assessment for the importation of brucellosis-infected breeding cattle into Great Britain from selected European countries. Prev Vet Med 63:51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2004.01.008
Karesh WB, Dobson A, Lloyd-Smith JO, Lubroth J, Dixon MA, Bennett M et al (2012) Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories. Lancet 380:1936–1945. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61678-X
Keusch GT, Pappaioanou M, González MC, Scott KA, Tsai P (2009) Sustaining global surveillance and response to emerging zoonotic diseases. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/12625
Khoury CK, Bjorkman AD, Dempewolf H, Ramirez-Villegas J, Guarino L, Jarvis A et al (2014) Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:4001–4006. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1313490111
Leonard DK (2000) The new institutional economics and the restructuring of animal health Services in Africa. In: Leonard DK (ed) Africa’s changing markets for health and veterinary services. The new institutional issues. Macmillan Press Ltd, London, pp 1–40
Leonard DK (2004) Tools from the new institutional economics for reforming the delivery of veterinary services. Rev Sci Tech 23:47–57. Discussion 391–401
Lloyd-Smith JO, George D, Pepin KM, Pitzer VE, Pulliam JRC, Dobson AP et al (2009) Epidemic dynamics at the human-animal interface. Science 326:1362–1367. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1177345
Lupiani B, Reddy SM (2009) The history of avian influenza. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 32:311–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2008.01.004
Mangen MJ, Otte J, Pfeiffer D, Chilonda P (2002) Bovine brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa: estimation of sero-prevalence and impact on meat and milk offtake potential. FAO, Rome
Mathews F (2009) Zoonoses in wildlife integrating ecology into management. Adv Parasitol 68:185–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00608-8
Max V, Herrera J, Moreira R, Rojas H (2007) Avian influenza in Chile: a successful experience. Avian Dis 51:363–365
McDermott J, Grace D, Zinsstag J (2013) Economics of brucellosis impact and control in low-income countries. Rev Sci Tech 32:249–261
McInerney J (1991) Cost-benefit analysis of livestock disease: a simplified look at its economic foundations. In: Proc 6th Int Symp Vet Epidemiol Econ, pp 149–153
McKenzie AM, Thomsen MR (2001) The effect of E. coli O157:H7 on beef prices. J Agric Resour Econ 26:431–444. https://doi.org/10.2307/40987119
McLeod A, Morgan N, Prakash A, Hinrichs J (2006) Economic and social impacts of avian influenza
Meslin FX (2006) Impact of zoonoses on human health. Vet Ital 42:369–379
Messenger AM, Barnes AN, Gray GC (2014) Reverse zoonotic disease transmission (zooanthroponosis): a systematic review of seldom-documented human biological threats to animals. PLoS One 9:e89055. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0089055
Miller GY, Unnevehr LJ (2001) Characteristics of consumers demanding and their willingness to pay for certified safer pork. J Agribus 2:101–119
Miller MA, Buss P, Roos EO, Hausler G, Dippenaar A, Mitchell E et al (2019) Fatal tuberculosis in a free-ranging African elephant and one health implications of human pathogens in wildlife. Front Vet Sci 6:18. https://doi.org/10.3389/FVETS.2019.00018
Mitura V, Di Piétro L (2004) Canada’s beef cattle sector and the impact of BSE on farm family income 2000–2003. Available at https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/28038/files/wp040069.pdf
Morel CM, Alm RA, Årdal C, Bandera A, Bruno GM, Carrara E et al (2020) A one health framework to estimate the cost of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 9(1):187. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13756-020-00822-6
Murray CJL, Lopez AD (1996) Summary – the Global Burden of Disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. The Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organization and The World Bank distributed by Harvard University Press
Myers SS, Gaffikin L, Golden CD, Ostfeld RS, Redford KH, Ricketts TH et al (2013) Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:18753–18760. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1218656110
Narrod C, Zinsstag J, Tiongco M (2012) A one health framework for estimating the economic costs of zoonotic diseases on society. EcoHealth 9:150–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-012-0747-9
OIE (2018) Chapter 8.4: Infection with Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis. In: Terrestrial animal health code. Available at https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/2018/en_chapitre_bovine_brucellosis.htm
Orozco C (2005) The SPS agreement and crisis management: the Chile-EU avian influenza experience. Compil. 45 case Stud. which Doc. disparate Exp. among Econ. addressing challenges Particip. WTO. Available at https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/casestudies_e/case10_e.htm
Paarlberg PL, Seitzinger AH, Lee JG (2007) Economic impacts of regionalization of a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in the United States. J Agric Appl Econ 2:325–333
Pangaribowo E, Gerber N, Torero M (2013) Food and nutrition security indicators: a review. FOODSECURE working paper 04. Available at: https://www.wecr.wur.nl/WECRGeneral/FoodSecurePublications/05_Pangaribowo%20Gerber%20Torero_FNS%20Indicators.pdf
Patterson GT, Thomas LF, Coyne LA, Rushton J (2020) Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems. Glob Food Sec 26:100424. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GFS.2020.100424
Peck D, Bruce M (2017) The economic efficiency and equity of government policies on brucellosis: comparative insights from Albania and the United States of America. Rev Sci Tech 36:291–302
Phillips L (chair) (2000) The BSE inquiry report, vol 10. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London
Probst C, Gethmann JM, Heuser R, Niemann H, Conraths FJ (2013) Direct costs of bovine spongiform encephalopathy control measures in Germany. Zoonoses Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12032
Rassy D, Smith RD (2012) The economic impact of H1N1 on Mexico’s tourist and pork sectors. Health Econ. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.2862
Reaser JK, Witt A, Tabor GM, Hudson PJ, Plowright RK (2021) Ecological countermeasures for preventing zoonotic disease outbreaks: when ecological restoration is a human health imperative. Restor Ecol 29. https://doi.org/10.1111/REC.13357
Rojas H (2009) Animal diseases management in a new livestock trade environment: the case of Chile. In: Rushton J (ed) The economics of animal health and production. CABI, Wallingford, pp 274–279
Roos R (n.d.) USDA estimates E. coli, Salmonella costs at $3.1 billion. CIDRAP. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2010/05/usda-estimates-e-coli-salmonella-costs-31-billion. Accessed 21 Sept 2021
Rossiter PB, Hammadi NA (2009) Living with transboundary animal diseases (TADs). Trop Anim Health Prod 41:999–1004
Roth F, Zinsstag J, Orkhon D, Chimed-Ochir G, Hutton G, Cosivi O et al (2003) Human health benefits from livestock vaccination for brucellosis: case study. Bull World Health Organ 81:867–876
Rushton J (2009a) The economics of animal health and production. CABI, Wallingford
Rushton J (2009b) Economic analysis tools. In: Rushton J (ed) The economics of animal health and production. CABI, Wallingford, pp 65–106
Rushton J, Thornton PK, Otte MJ (1999) Methods of economic impact assessment. Rev Sci Tech 18:315–342
Rushton J, Häsler B, De Haan N, Rushton R (2012) Economic benefits or drivers of a “One Health” approach: why should anyone invest? Onderstepoort J Vet Res 79:461. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i2.461
Rushton J, Bruce M, Bellet C, Torgerson P, Shaw A, Marsh T et al (2018) Initiation of global burden of animal diseases programme. Lancet 392:538–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31472-7
Rushton J, Huntington B, Gilbert W, Herrero M, Torgerson PR, Shaw APM et al (2021) Roll-out of the Global Burden of Animal Diseases programme. Lancet 397:1045–1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00189-6
Serra T (2011) Food scare crises and price volatility: the case of the BSE in Spain. Food Policy 36:179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.006
Singh BB, Dhand NK, Gill JPS (2015) Economic losses occurring due to brucellosis in Indian livestock populations. Prev Vet Med 119:211–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2015.03.013
Singh BB, Kostoulas P, Gill JPS, Dhand NK (2018) Cost-benefit analysis of intervention policies for prevention and control of brucellosis in India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12:e0006488. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0006488
Swinburn BA, Kraak VI, Allender S, Atkins VJ, Baker PI, Bogard JR et al (2019) The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet 393:791–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8
Thumbi SM, Njenga MK, Marsh TL, Noh S, Otiang E, Munyua P et al (2015) Linking human health and livestock health: a “One-Health” platform for integrated analysis of human health, livestock health, and economic welfare in livestock dependent communities. PLoS One 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120761
Tisdell C (1995) Assessing the approach to cost-benefit analysis of controlling livestock diseases of McInerney and others. University of Queensland, Brisbane
Torgerson PR (2013) One world health: socioeconomic burden and parasitic disease control priorities. Vet Parasitol 195:223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.004
Torgerson PR, Shaw APM (2021) A simple metric to capture losses. Available at https://bulletin.woah.org/?panorama=03-2-2021-1_ahle
Torgerson P, Torgerson D (2008) Does risk to humans justify high cost of fighting bovine TB? Nature 455:1029. https://doi.org/10.1038/4551029a
Torgerson PR, Rüegg S, Devleesschauwer B, Abela-Ridder B, Havelaar AH, Shaw APM et al (2018) zDALY: an adjusted indicator to estimate the burden of zoonotic diseases. One Health 5:40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.11.003
Velu G, Crespo Herrera L, Guzman C, Huerta J, Payne T, Singh RP (2019) Assessing genetic diversity to breed competitive biofortified wheat with enhanced grain Zn and Fe concentrations. Front Plant Sci 9:1971. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2018.01971
Wahba Tadros SN, Wellenstein A, Das MB, Palmarini N, D’Aoust OS, Singh G, Restrepo Cadavid P, Goga S, Terraza HC, Lakovits C, Baeumler AEN, Gapihan AT (2021) Demographic Trends and Urbanization (English). Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/260581617988607640/Demographic-Trends-and-Urbanization
Weerahewa J, Meilke KD, LeRoy D (2007) An economic assessment of the BSE crisis in Canada: impacts of border closure and BSE recovery programs, pp 1–35. Available at https://www.uoguelph.ca/catprn/PDF/Working%20Paper%202007-1a.pdf
WHO (2021a) Zoonoses. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses. Accessed 28 Sept 2021
WHO (2021b) Rabies. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies. Accessed 19 Sept 2021
WHO (2021c) Global Health Observatory. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates. Accessed 28 Sept 2021
Wigle R, Weerahewa J, Bredahl M, Samarajeewa S (2007) Impacts of BSE on world trade in cattle and beef: implications for the Canadian economy. Can J Agric Econ 55:535–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.2007.00108.x
Wolfe MS, Ceccarelli S (2020) The increased use of diversity in cereal cropping requires more descriptive precision. J Sci Food Agric 100:4119–4123. https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.9906
World Bank (2010) People, pathogens and our planet. Volume 1: towards a One Health approach for controlling zoonotic diseases, report no. 50833-GLB. World Bank, Washington, DC
World Bank (2021) Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?end=2019&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=2019&view=map. Accessed 2 June 2021
Wright C (2004) The avian influenza outbreak in Chile. Poult Int 2004:34–39
Xiaoqin Fan E (2003) SARS: economic impacts and implications. Available at https://www.adb.org/publications/sars-economic-impacts-and-implications
Zhang N, Huang D, Wu W, Liu J, Liang F, Zhou B et al (2018) Animal brucellosis control or eradication programs worldwide: a systematic review of experiences and lessons learned. Prev Vet Med 160:105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2018.10.002
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Babo Martins, S., Rothman-Ostrow, P., Patterson, G., Häsler, B., Rushton, J. (2023). Burden of Zoonoses. In: Sing, A. (eds) Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_45-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_45-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85877-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85877-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine