Abstract
China is a country in East Asia. It is the world’s most populous country with a population exceeding 1.4 billion people. China has achieved significant progress in the last 50 years in containing infectious diseases and enhancing public health and cleanliness. Chinese public health professionals, however, are facing more challenges than ever in the twenty-first century as a result of the negative consequences brought on by the aging of the population and the burdens of diseases, urbanization, industrialization, and globalization. The requirements of today cannot be met by outdated public health operating frameworks. The key issues are a lack of ability to respond to emergencies involving public health, extreme inequality in access to health care, and slow development of public health information systems. China’s public health will be able to gradually meet the needs of social development and the rising public demand for health care services only when it is guided by information technology, globalization, technological advancement, and humanization.
References
Admissions, C. (2015). Southeast University. Retrieved from https://www.china-admissions.com/southeast-university/masters-public-health-global-health/#:~:text=The%20applicant%20must%20be%20a,the%20field%20of%20public%20health
Allen, L. M., Hay, M., & Palermo, C. (2022). Evaluation in health professions education-Is measuring outcomes enough? Medical Education, 56(1), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14654
Ashraf, M. A., Tsegay, S. M., & Meijia, Y. (2021). Blended learning for diverse classrooms: Qualitative experimental study with in-service teachers. SAGE Open, 11(3), 21582440211030623.
Ayenigbara, I. O. (2020). COVID-19: An international public health concern. Central Asian Journal of Global Health, 9(1), e466. https://doi.org/10.5195/cajgh.2020.466
Baikady, R., & Nadesan, V. (2022). Social work field education in India and China: A comparison. In The Routledge handbook of social work field education in the Global South (pp. 197–206). Routledge.
Barak, M., & Yuan, S. (2021). A cultural perspective to project-based learning and the cultivation of innovative thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 39, 100766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100766
Bonilla-Aldana, D. K., Holguin-Rivera, Y., Cortes-Bonilla, I., Cardona-Trujillo, M. C., García-Barco, A., Bedoya-Arias, H. A., … Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2020). Coronavirus infections reported by ProMED, February 2000–January 2020. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 35, 101575.
Brief, P. (2020). Education during COVID-19 and beyond. United Nations, 1–26.
Bu, L. (2021). Rockefeller foundation’s global health and China’s modern health development. Revista História: Debatese Tendências, 21(3), 54–79. https://doi.org/10.5335/hdtv.21n.3.12855
Calleja, N., AbdAllah, A., Abad, N., Ahmed, N., Albarracin, D., Altieri, E., … Bayer, J. (2021). A public health research agenda for managing infodemics: Methods and results of the first WHO infodemiology conference. JMIR Infodemiology, 1(1), e30979.
Campbell, C., & Cornish, F. (2021). Public health activism in changing times: Re-locating collective agency. Critical Public Health, 31, 125–133. Taylor & Francis.
Challa, K. T., Sayed, A., & Acharya, Y. (2021). Modern techniques of teaching and learning in medical education: A descriptive literature review. MedEdPublish, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2021.000018.1
China Admissions. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.china-admissions.com/southeast-university/masters-public-health-global-health/
China, T. s. c. T. p. s. r. o. (2022, September 13). China’s average life expectancy rises to 78.2 years. Retrieved from https://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/202207/13/content_WS62cdfd4dc6d02e533532da48.html#:~:text=BEIJING%20%E2%80%94%20Average%20life%20expectancy%2C%20a,from%2077.93%20years%20in%202020
Cui, F., Shen, L., Li, L., Wang, H., Wang, F., Bi, S., … Zheng, H. (2017). Prevention of chronic hepatitis B after 3 decades of escalating vaccination policy, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(5), 765.
Cui, S., Zhang, C., Wang, S., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Zhang, L., … Zhang, K. (2021). Experiences and attitudes of elementary school students and their parents toward online learning in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: Questionnaire study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(5), e24496.
Ding, X., Zhao, L., Chu, H., Tong, N., Ni, C., Hu, Z., … Wang, M. (2014). Assessing the effectiveness of problem-based learning of preventive medicine education in China. Scientific Reports, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05126.
Fan, W., Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., Li, J., & Huang, S. (2021). Epidemiology and associated factors of gingivitis in adolescents in Guangdong Province, Southern China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health, 21(1), 311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01666-1
Fox, M., Zuidema, C., Bauman, B., Burke, T., & Sheehan, M. (2019). Integrating public health into climate change policy and planning: State of practice update. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), 3232.
Fu, J.-C. (2022). Health and medicine in modern China. In Oxford research encyclopedia of Asian History.
Griffiths, S. M., Li, L. M., Tang, J. L., Ma, X., Hu, Y. H., Meng, Q. Y., & Fu, H. (2010). The challenges of public health education with a particular reference to China. Public Health, 124(4), 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.02.009
Gu, J., Li, X., & Wang, L. (2018). Higher education in China. Springer.
Gu, J., Zhen, T., Song, Y., & Xu, L. (2019). Job satisfaction of certified primary care physicians in rural Shandong Province, China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3893-8
Hantrais, L., Allin, P., Kritikos, M., Sogomonjan, M., Anand, P. B., Livingstone, S., … Innes, M. (2021). Covid-19 and the digital revolution. Contemporary Social Science, 16(2), 256–270.
Hou, J., Wang, Z., Liu, X., Luo, Y., Sabharwal, S., Wang, N., & Meng, Q. (2018). Public health education at China’s higher education institutions: A time-series analysis from 1998 to 2012. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 679. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5605-4
How to conduct online research in China. (2017). Retrieved from https://kadence.com/how-to-conduct-online-research-in-china/
Huang, Q., & Kang, Y. S. (2020). Mathematical modeling of COVID-19 control and prevention based on immigration population data in China: Model development and validation. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e18638.
Jiang, Y., Guan, Y.-J., Dai, D.-W., Huang, W., & Huang, Z.-Y. (2019). Prevalence of stress and its determinants among residents enrolled in China standardized training program for resident doctor (C-STRD) program: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 14(1), e0207258.
Jiang, Q., Horta, H., & Yuen, M. (2022). Factors related to university teaching that influence academic success of international medical students in China. F1000Research, 11, 894.
Kent, B. A., Holman, C., Amoako, E., Antonietti, A., Azam, J. M., Ballhausen, H., … Chen, Y.-C. (2022). Recommendations for empowering early career researchers to improve research culture and practice. PLoS Biology, 20(7), e3001680.
Khorram-Manesh, A., Dulebenets, M. A., & Goniewicz, K. (2021). Implementing public health strategies—the need for educational initiatives: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5888.
Kumar, K., & Pande, B. P. (2021). Rise of online teaching and learning processes during COVID-19 pandemic. In Predictive and preventive measures for COVID-19 pandemic (pp. 251–271). Springer.
Lee, L. (2004). The current state of public health in China. Annual Review of Public Health, 25, 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123116
Li, X., Krumholz, H. M., Yip, W., Cheng, K. K., De Maeseneer, J., Meng, Q., … Su, M. (2020a). Quality of primary health care in China: Challenges and recommendations. The Lancet, 395(10239), 1802–1812.
Li, Y. Q., Hao, C., & Guo, H. Y. (2020b). Examining inequality in the public health workforce distribution in the centers for disease control and prevention (CDCs) system in China, 2008–2017. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 33(5), 374–383.
Li, T., Wang, W., Li, Z., Wang, H., & Liu, X. (2022). Problem-based or lecture-based learning, old topic in the new field: A meta-analysis on the effects of PBL teaching method in Chinese standardized residency training. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 1–20.
Lin, Y.-T. (2022). Navigating between political authorities: Chinese Rockefeller fellows in biology and chemistry and their career trajectories from 1949 to 1966. In Knowledge, power, and networks (pp. 289–321). Brill.
Liu, S., Yang, L., Zhang, C., Xiang, Y.-T., Liu, Z., Hu, S., & Zhang, B. (2020a). Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e17–e18.
Liu, W., Liang, Y., Bao, X., Qin, J., & Lim, M. K. (2020b). China’s logistics development trends in the post COVID-19 era. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 25(6), 965–976. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2020.1837760
Liu, S., Chen, Y., Shen, Q., & Gao, X. (2022a). Sustainable professional development of German language teachers in China: Research assessment and external research funding. Sustainability, 14(16), 9910.
Liu, S., Gu, Y., Yang, Y., Schroeder, E., & Chen, Y. (2022b). Tackling brain drain at Chinese CDCs: Understanding job preferences of public health doctoral students using a discrete choice experiment survey. Human Resources for Health, 20(1), 1–11.
Lu, Q., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Shi, L., Xu, Y., Lu, Z., … Yan, W. (2020). Online survey on accessing psychological knowledge and interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic—China, 2020. China CDC Weekly, 2(41), 797.
Luo, Y., Su, B., & Zheng, X. (2021). Trends and challenges for population and health during population aging—China, 2015–2050. China CDC Weekly, 3(28), 593.
Mao, C., Wang, L., & Li, L. (2019). Historical perspective of progress and achievement on epidemiology in the past 70 years in China. Zhonghua liu Xing Bing xue za zhi= Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi, 40(10), 1173–1179.
McColloch, C., Davis, M., Araujo, A., Theodore, S., Barkley, J., Paek, M., & Henning, T. (2022). Lessons learned for public health workforce development: An evaluation of the centers for disease control and prevention’s laboratory leadership service fellowship. Evaluation and Program Planning, 95, 102147.
Mersha, A., Shibiru, S., Girma, M., Ayele, G., Bante, A., Kassa, M., … Shewangizaw, M. (2021). Perceived barriers to the practice of preventive measures for COVID-19 pandemic among health professionals in public health facilities of the Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia: A phenomenological study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–10.
Obidile, J. I. (2021). Creating effective teaching and learning in the classroom through problem based teaching method (PBTM): Guidance for accounting teachers in the developing countries. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 103, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2021/v34i130296
Ostrowski, J., Zgliczyński, W. S., Pinkas, J., & Gellert, R. (2022). History of the school of public health at the Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education (1971 to 2021). Wiedza Medyczna, 4(1), 1–7.
Pan, S. Q., Chan, L. K., Yan, Y., & Yang, X. (2020). Survey of gross anatomy education in China: The past and the present. Anatomical Sciences Education, 13(3), 390–400.
Park, C., Migliaccio, G., Edberg, M., Frehywot, S., & Johnson, G. (2021). Future directions of Doctor of public health education in the United States: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1057. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11086-z
Peng, Y., Wu, X., Atkins, S., Zwarentein, M., Zhu, M., Zhan, X. X., … Yan, W. R. (2014). Internet-based health education in China: A content analysis of websites. BMC Medical Education, 14, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-14-16
Pregowska, A., Masztalerz, K., Garlińska, M., & Osial, M. (2021). A worldwide journey through distance education—from the post office to virtual, augmented and mixed realities, and education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Education Sciences, 11(3), 118.
Price, D. W., Davis, D. A., & Filerman, G. L. (2021). “Systems-integrated CME”: The implementation and outcomes imperative for continuing medical education in the learning health care enterprise. NAM Perspectives, 2021. https://doi.org/10.31478/202110a
Sayıner, A. A., & Ergönül, E. (2021). E-learning in clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27(11), 1589–1594.
Schnur, A., Hoekstra, E. J., Barış, E., Wing, J. S., Cairns, K. L., Lee, L. A., … Hadler, S. (2019). Essays by international experts working on the immunization program in China. Immunization program in China, 3, 143–186. Springer.
Seibert, S. A. (2021). Problem-based learning: A strategy to foster generation Z’s critical thinking and perseverance. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 16(1), 85–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2020.09.002
Sell, K., Hommes, F., Fischer, F., & Arnold, L. (2022). Multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinarity within the public health workforce: A scoping review to assess definitions and applications of concepts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10902.
Shi, L., Fan, L., Xiao, H., Chen, Z., Tong, X., Liu, M., & Cao, D. (2019). Constructing a general competency model for Chinese public health physicians: A qualitative and quantitative study. European Journal of Public Health, 29(6), 1184–1191.
Smith, A. (2021). The living soul of Mao Zedong thought. In Chinese ideology (pp. 151–167). Routledge.
Song, D., Wang, M., Li, G., Yu, H., & Shan, Y. (2021). Establishment of Beijing National Medical School Faculty of Dentistry. Zhonghua kou Qiang yi xue za zhi= Zhonghua Kouqiang Yixue Zazhi=. Chinese Journal of Stomatology, 56(11), 1115–1119.
Study Abroad Aide. (2017). Retrieved from https://studyabroadaide.com/masters-in-public-health-china/
Sun, L., Zhao, D., Xiong, S., Renne, A., Zheng, Z.-J., Xiang, H., … Yan, L. L. (2021a). Disciplinary development of global health academic degree programs in China. Global Health Journal, 5(2), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2021.04.003
Sun, Y., Li, C., Zhao, Y., & Sun, J. (2021b). Trends and developments in oral health literacy: A scientometric research study (1991–2020). BDJ Open, 7(1), 1–10.
Sun, M., Wu, K., Yi, X., & Zhang, R. (2022). Exploring the influence of english subject reform in China’s compulsory education system. In Paper presented at the 2021 international conference on education, language and art (ICELA 2021).
Tulchinsky, T. H., & Varavikova, E. A. (2014). Expanding the concept of public health, 43–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00002-1
van Zanten, M., McKinley, D., Durante Montiel, I., & Pijano, C. V. (2012). Medical education accreditation in Mexico and The Philippines: Impact on student outcomes. Medical Education, 46(6), 586–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04212.x
Vuong, B., Tung, D., Tushar, H., Quan, T., & Giao, H. (2021). Determinates of factors influencing job satisfaction and organizational loyalty. Management Science Letters, 11(1), 203–212.
Wang, X. (2022). Experiences, challenges, and prospects of National Medical Licensing Examination in China. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 1–4.
Wang, S., & Chen, Y. (2018). Rain classroom: A tool for blended learning with MOOCs. In Paper presented at the proceedings of the fifth annual ACM conference on learning at scale.
Wang, N., Jia, J., Wu, K., Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Cao, W., … Wang, Z. (2017). Factors that influence full-time MPH students’ willingness in China: Would you apply again for an MPH graduate degree if you had another opportunity? BMC Medical Education, 17(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-0873-8
Wang, R.-N., Zhang, Y.-C., Yu, B.-T., He, Y.-T., Li, B., & Zhang, Y.-L. (2022). Spatio-temporal evolution and trend prediction of the incidence of Class B notifiable infectious diseases in China: A sample of statistical data from 2007 to 2020. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13566-2
Wei, B., Lu, L., Zhang, Z. Y., & Ma, Z. Y. (2011). Bridging the gap between education and practice in public health, with particular reference to less-developed provinces in China. Public Health, 125(1), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.10.006
Wu, H., Eggleston, K. N., Zhong, J., Hu, R., Wang, C., Xie, K., … Yu, M. (2019). Direct medical cost of diabetes in rural China using electronic insurance claims data and diabetes management data. Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 10(2), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12897
Wu, D., Guo, M., & Xu, C. (2021). The development of continuing medical education in China. Creative Education, 12(01), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2021.121015
Xie, H., Liu, L., & Ya, C. (2020). Thoughts of online techning for higher education in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. China University Teaching, 5, 57–60.
Xing, C., & Zhang, R. (2021). COVID-19 in China: Responses, challenges and implications for the health system. Healthcare (Basel), 9(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010082
Xu, H., Song, K., Qin, L., Qu, Y., Niu, Q., Li, B., & Han, Z. (2021a). Knowledge of Chinese dentists on HPV, their willingness and barriers to recommend HPV vaccination to patients. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(8), 2728–2735. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1885967
Xu, J., Shi, Y., Cheng, F., & Liang, W. (2021b). China’s public health system: Time for improvement. The Lancet Public Health, 6(12), e869–e870. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00250-4
Yao, H., Wang, P., Tang, Y.-L., Liu, Y., Liu, T., Liu, H., … Zhu, J. (2021). Burnout and job satisfaction of psychiatrists in China: A nationwide survey. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1–11.
Ya-Wen, C. (2020). Research progress of Chinese public health system reform under COVID-19, 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1109/icphds51617.2020.00081
Yin, J.-H., Lengeler, C., Tanner, M., & Zhou, X.-N. (2022). A malaria-free China: Global importance and key experience. Advances in Parasitology, 116, xv–xix. Elsevier.
Yu, L., Huang, L., Tang, H.-R., Li, N., Rao, T.-T., Hu, D., … Shi, L.-X. (2021). Analysis of factors influencing the network teaching effect of college students in a medical school during the COVID-19 epidemic. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 1–8.
Yu, N., Dong, Y., & De Jong, M. (2022). A helping hand from the government? How public research funding affects academic output in less-prestigious universities in China. Research Policy, 51(10), 104591.
Zeng, W., Li, G., Turbat, V., Hu, G., Ahn, H., & Shen, J. (2021). Optimizing preventive medicine to bridge the gap between clinical medicine and public health for disease control in China: a lesson from COVID-19. Preventive Medicine, 143, 106324.
Zhai, J., Dai, L., Peng, C., Dong, B., Jia, Y., & Yang, C. (2022). Application of the presentation–assimilation–discussion class in oral pathology teaching. Journal of Dental Education, 86(1), 4–11.
Zhang, C., & Xiao, C. (2022). China’s infrastructure diplomacy in the Mediterranean region under the belt and road initiative: Challenges ahead? Mediterranean Politics, 1–25.
Zhao, L., Wang, R., Xin, J., Chen, Q., Li, C., Holsinger, J. W., & Ma, X. (2017). Analysis of the preventive medicine undergraduate curriculum in China: The West China School of public heath experience: A case study. Frontiers in Education, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2017.00028
Zhou, X.-N. (2021). China declared malaria-free: A milestone in the world malaria eradication and Chinese public health. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 10, 1–2.
Zhu, E., Fors, U., & Smedberg, Å. (2018). Exploring the needs and possibilities of physicians’ continuing professional development-an explorative qualitative study in a Chinese primary care context. PLoS One, 13(8), e0202635.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Shah, S. et al. (2024). Public Health Education, Practice, and Research in China. In: Al-Worafi, Y.M. (eds) Handbook of Medical and Health Sciences in Developing Countries. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_543-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_543-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-74786-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-74786-2
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine