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Gut-Derived Hormones and Energy Homeostasis

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Obesity, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery

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Abstract

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body producing multiple hormones that are implicated in regulating glucose and energy homeostasis. While the mechanisms promoting the sustained weight loss and amelioration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) remain incompletely understood, gut hormones are proposed as key potential mediators. This chapter will review the known effects of the enteroendocrine L-cell derived hormones, peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) and oxytomodulin (OXM), and the P/D1-type cell (X/A-like in rodents) produced hormone, ghrelin, on energy homeostasis. Recently, transgenic advances have enabled the isolation and characterization of the previously enigmatic L-cells and X/A-like cells revealing a complex array of receptors that act to modify hormone secretion and these will be summarized. PYY, GLP-1 and OXM exert broad ranging pleiotropic actions but here we will limit our focus to their effects on energy and glucose homeostasis. We will also discuss the impact of obesity per se and the effect of non-surgically induced weight loss upon their circulating levels. Of note, these peptides are also produced within the central nervous system (CNS). However, the focus of this chapter is on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, as the major source of circulating hormones and the key site impacted upon by bariatric surgery. We have limited our review to PYY, GLP-1, OXM and ghrelin to provide biological contextual background for Chaps. 72, “Mechanisms of Action of Different Bariatric Surgical Procedures” and 73, “Glycemic Control and Reduction of Cardiorenal Risk Following Bariatric Surgery.” However, this does not decreases the contributions of other gut derived factors to nutrient homeostasis and bodyweight regulation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Obesity Research, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK

    Wui-Hang Cheung, Andrea Pucci & Rachel L. Batterham

  2. University College London Hospitals Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital, London, UK

    Wui-Hang Cheung, Andrea Pucci & Rachel L. Batterham

Authors
  1. Wui-Hang Cheung
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  2. Andrea Pucci
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  3. Rachel L. Batterham
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rachel L. Batterham .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Homerton University Hospital, London, UK

    Sanjay Agrawal

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India

    Sandeep Aggarwal

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Cheung, WH., Pucci, A., Batterham, R.L. (2023). Gut-Derived Hormones and Energy Homeostasis. In: Agrawal, S. (eds) Obesity, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60596-4_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60596-4_3

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-60595-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-60596-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

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