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Neutron Resonance Analysis Methods for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Applications

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Handbook of Cultural Heritage Analysis

Abstract

The use of neutron resonance analysis (NRA) as a nondestructive analysis (NDA) method to determine the overall (bulk) composition of materials is discussed. This can be done by detecting prompt γ-rays, which are emitted after a neutron capture reaction in the object being studied. This technique, known as neutron resonance capture analysis (NRCA), is sensitive to almost all stable nuclides and can be applied to determine the elemental and isotopic composition including trace elements and impurities. It is extensively applied at the time-of-flight (TOF) facilities GELINA and ISIS to study objects and artifacts of archaeological and cultural heritage interest. Another technique, referred to as neutron transmission analysis (NRTA), is based on a measurement of the transmission of neutrons through the object. This is an absolute method that works well for the main elements present in the sample. It is shown that both NRCA and NRTA give consistent and accurate results of bulk compositions.

Hans Postma: deceased.

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Abbreviations

ANNRI:

Accurate neutron-nucleus reaction measurement instruments

BGO:

Bismuth germanium oxide

CENDL:

Chinese evaluated nuclear data library

CERN:

Conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire (european organisation for nuclear research)

CSNS:

China spallation neutron source

ENDF:

Evaluated nuclear data file

FGM:

Free gas model

FWHM:

Full width at half maximum

GELINA:

Geel linear accelerator

ICPS:

Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry

INES:

(The) Italian neutron experimental station

JANIS:

Java-based nuclear data information system

JEFF:

Joint evaluated fission and fusion nuclear data library

JENDL:

Japanese evaluated nuclear data library

J-PARC:

Japan proton accelerator research complex

JRC:

Joint research centre

KURRI:

Kyoto university research reactor institute

LANSCE:

Los alamos neutron science center

MLF:

Materials and life science experimental facility

NAA:

Neutron activation analysis

ND:

Neutron diffraction

NDA:

Nondestructive analysis

NEA:

Nuclear energy agency

NMA:

National museum of antiquities (RMO)

NOBORU:

Neutron beam-line for observation and research use

NRA:

Neutron resonance analysis

NRCA:

Neutron resonance capture analysis

NRTA:

Neutron resonance transmission analysis

OECD:

Organisation for economic co-operation and development

PGA:

Prompt gamma-ray analysis

PMT:

Photomultiplier

PSND:

Position sensitive neutron detector

REFIT:

Resonance fit

ROSFOND:

Russian national library of neutron data

RPI:

Rensselaer polytechnic institute

SLBW:

Single-level breit-wigner

TOF:

Time of flight

YAP:

Yttrium aluminum perovskite

YSO:

Yttrium oxyorthosilicate

B:

Background

Bin:

Background corresponding to a sample-in TOF spectrum

Bout:

Background corresponding to a sample-out TOF spectrum

Cin:

Sample-in TOF spectrum

Cout:

Sample-out TOF spectrum

ΔD:

Doppler width

εc:

Efficiency to detect a capture event

εγ:

Efficiency to detect a γ-ray

En:

Incident neutron energy

Eμ:

Resonance energy

F:

Self-shielding factor

Fμ:

Self-shielding correction factor for resonance μ

φ:

Neutron fluence rate

gJ:

Spin factor

Γ:

Total resonance width

Γγ:

Capture (or radiation) width

Γn:

Neutron width

I:

Spin of target nucleus

J:

Total angular momentum

:

Orbital angular momentum

λ:

Wavelength

L:

Flight path distance

Ld:

Equivalent distance due to neutron transport in target/moderator

Lt:

Equivalent distance due to neutron transport in the detector

mn:

Neutron rest mass

mX:

Rest mass of nucleus X

nj:

Areal number density

Nμ:

Net area of resonance μ in a capture spectrum

ηc:

Ratio of efficiencies to detect a capture event

R:

Scattering radius

R(tm,En):

Response function for neutron TOF measurements

R(Lt,En):

Response function for neutron TOF measurements expressed in equivalent distance Lt

Sn:

Neutron separation energy

σ:

Cross section

\( \overline{\sigma} \) :

Doppler broadened cross section

σγ:

Neutron induced capture cross section

\( {\overline{\sigma}}_{\gamma } \) :

Doppler broadened capture cross section

σn:

Neutron elastic scattering cross section

\( {\overline{\sigma}}_n \) :

Doppler broadened elastic scattering cross section

σtot:

Total cross section

\( {\overline{\sigma}}_{tot} \) :

Doppler broadened total cross section

td:

Time difference between the moment of detection and the moment the neutron enters the detector or sample

tt:

Time that a neutron spends in the target/moderator assembly

tm:

Experimentally observed time difference between stop and start signal

T:

Target temperature

Teff:

Effective temperature (FGM)

θD:

Debye temperature

T0:

Stop signal (TOF measurements)

Ts:

Start signal (TOF measurements)

TLB :

Transmission based on Lambert-Beer law

Texp:

Experimentally observed transmission

TM:

Theoretical (model) transmission

Yc:

Capture yield

Yexp:

Experimentally observed capture yield

YM:

Theoretical (model) capture yield

Y0:

Primary capture yield

Ym:

Yield due to scattering followed by neutron capture

vn:

Neutron velocity

Ψ:

Voigt function

WX:

Weight of nucleus X

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Geel, Belgium

    Peter Schillebeeckx

  2. Department of Applied Physics, RD&M, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

    Hans Postma

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  1. Peter Schillebeeckx
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  2. Hans Postma
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Correspondence to Peter Schillebeeckx .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

    Sebastiano D'Amico

  2. University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Valentina Venuti

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Schillebeeckx, P., Postma, H. (2022). Neutron Resonance Analysis Methods for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Applications. In: D'Amico, S., Venuti, V. (eds) Handbook of Cultural Heritage Analysis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60016-7_7

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