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Handbook of Cultural Heritage Analysis pp 901–933Cite as

Acoustic Detection and Mapping of Submerged Stone Age Sites with Knapped Flint

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Abstract

This chapter presents a non-destructive survey technique under development: acoustic detection and mapping of submerged Stone Age sites. While it has been experimentally established that reasonable amounts of man-knapped flint pieces can be excited by and respond to specific acoustic signal through meters of sea floor sediment, it is not yet known how small assemblages of knapped flint pieces one can obtain a response from and how deep in the sea floor this will be possible. It also remains to check experimentally if other knapped materials than flint (obsidian, quartzite, basalt, etc.) respond in a similar way given that some of their basic characteristics potentially differ from those registered for flint. This technique will facilitate a much more effective and cheap detection and mapping of submerged Stone Age sites with knapped lithics compared to the techniques available at present. Especially the deep sites down to the approximately 120 m deep coastlines of the glaciations, which are very difficult to localize today, represent an important research potential. In general, the highly productive coast lines must be assumed to have played an important economic role of human society from the Palaeolithic onwards, which means that we miss an important part of the picture of the human cultural development. In spite of the promising perspective of methodological improvement, one must be aware of the limitations of the acoustic method. It will not be able to map Stone Age sites lacking knapped lithics. This chapter presents and discusses the method’s basic technological principles and the experimental results obtained so far, elucidating its potential.

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Acknowledgments

The original measurements supporting the approach presented here were made in conjunction with H. Rasmussen at the Bang and Olufsen Sound Laboratory (Denmark) in 1982, which is gratefully acknowledged. We are also very grateful to Morgan F. Smith, Michael K. Faught, and their colleagues at Texas A&M, who trusted our haystack interpretations enough to use them in their own surveys, for finding new archaeological sites in the process and sharing with us their results, still under review. Scientifically, many of the acoustic developments were made with, or inspired by, our late colleague Jean-Pierre Hermand (ULB, Belgium). Most of us have worked and/or interacted with Jean-Pierre, over several decades or other several years, and his scientific inspiration, his mentoring of younger colleagues, his friendship, and his enthusiasm are sadly missed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark

    Ole Grøn & Lars Ole Boldreel

  2. Acoustics and Environmental HydroAcoustics Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

    Rostand Tayong Boumda

  3. Faculty of Creative Arts, Technologies and Science, University of Bedfordshire, University Square, Luton, UK

    Rostand Tayong Boumda

  4. Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK

    Philippe Blondel

  5. East Jutland Museum, Randers, Denmark

    Bo Madsen

  6. Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Egon Nørmark

  7. Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

    Deborah Cvikel

  8. The Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

    Ehud Galili

  9. Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), Ancona, Italy

    Antonio Dell’Anno

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  1. Ole Grøn
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  1. Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

    Sebastiano D'Amico

  2. University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Valentina Venuti

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Grøn, O. et al. (2022). Acoustic Detection and Mapping of Submerged Stone Age Sites with Knapped Flint. In: D'Amico, S., Venuti, V. (eds) Handbook of Cultural Heritage Analysis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60016-7_31

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