Abstract
Toxicity is an inherent feature of many different types of chemical substances, such as acids/bases, heavy metals, chlorinated molecules, organic solvents or protein-toxins. Specific chemical structures tend to be associated with characteristic modes of chemico-biological interactions and respective adverse effects in the living organism. The principles of “intrinsic toxicity” are of considerable importance for risk assessment, notably when toxicity data of known substances are missing or incomplete. In cases of intoxication with an unknown substance, the pattern of clinical symptoms may be a key, guiding to the type of substance causing such adverse effects. This contribution illustrates the concepts of intrinsic toxicity from the viewpoints of both, chemical structure and biological effects.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bernardini L, Barbosa E, Charao MF, Brucker N (2020) Formaldehyde toxicity reports from in vitro and in vivo studies: a review and updated data. Drug Chem Toxicol:1–13
Del Pup L, Mantovani A, Cavaliere C, Facchini G, Luce A, Sperlongano P, Caraglia M, Berretta M (2016) Carcinogenetic mechanisms of endocrine disruptors in female cancers (review). Oncol Rep 36(2):603–612
Elmore S (2007) Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol 35(4):495–516
Ghabili K, Agutter PS, Ghanei M, Ansarin K, Panahi Y, Shoja MM (2011) Sulfur mustard toxicity: history, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Crit Rev Toxicol 41(5):384–403
GHS (2020) Globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals “GHS pictograms”. https://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/pictograms.html. Last visit 4 Dec 2020
Hunt RH, Yuan Y (2011) Acid-NSAID/aspirin interaction in peptic ulcer disease. Dig Dis 29(5):465–468
ICH (2020) Safety guidelines. https://www.ich.org/page/safety-guidelines. Last visit 4 Dec 2020
Kalayarasan R, Ananthakrishnan N, Kate V (2019) Corrosive ingestion. Indian J Crit Care Med 23(Suppl 4):S282–S286
Klebe S, Leigh J, Henderson DW, Nurminen M (2019) Asbestos, smoking and lung cancer: an update. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(1)
Kozlowski H, Kolkowska P, Watly J, Krzywoszynska K, Potocki S (2014) General aspects of metal toxicity. Curr Med Chem 21(33):3721–3740
Kumar R, Feltrup TM, Kukreja RV, Patel KB, Cai S, Singh BR (2019) Evolutionary features in the structure and function of bacterial toxins. Toxins (Basel) 11(1)
Kwon HS, Ryu MH, Carlsten C (2020) Ultrafine particles: unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease. Exp Mol Med 52(3):318–328
Langston JW (2017) The MPTP story. J Parkinsons Dis 7(s1):S11–S19
Leeder JS (2015) Meaningful use and clinical utility of preemptive pharmacogenetic testing: (re)view from a CYP2D6 poor metabolizer. Clin Pharmacol Ther 97(2):119–121
Lerner A, Shoenfeld Y, Matthias T (2017) Adverse effects of gluten ingestion and advantages of gluten withdrawal in nonceliac autoimmune disease. Nutr Rev 75(12):1046–1058
Lester RM, Paglialunga S, Johnson IA (2019) QT assessment in early drug development: the long and the short of it. Int J Mol Sci 20(6):1324
LoPachin RM, Gavin T (2014) Molecular mechanisms of aldehyde toxicity: a chemical perspective. Chem Res Toxicol 27(7):1081–1091
McGill MR, Sharpe MR, Williams CD, Taha M, Curry SC, Jaeschke H (2012) The mechanism underlying acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in humans and mice involves mitochondrial damage and nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Clin Invest 122(4):1574–1583
Nebert DW (2017) Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR): “pioneer member” of the basic-helix/loop/helix per-Arnt-sim (bHLH/PAS) family of “sensors” of foreign and endogenous signals. Prog Lipid Res 67:38–57
Nordberg G, Fowler B, Nordberg M (eds) (2014) Handbook on the toxicology of metals. Elsevier/Academic, Amsterdam
Oberdörster G, Kuhlbusch T (2018) In vivo effects: methodologies and biokinetics of inhaled nanomaterials. NanoImpact 10:38–60
Odumosu O, Nicholas D, Yano H, Langridge W (2010) AB toxins: a paradigm switch from deadly to desirable. Toxins (Basel) 2(7):1612–1645
OECD (2010) OECD guidelines: test no. 429: skin sensitization. Local lymph node assay. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-429-skin-sensitisation_9789264071100-en. Last visit 24 Nov 2020
OECD (2014) Draft proposal for a new performance based test guideline. Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) n-fold induction in vitro test method. http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/CYP-induction-PBTG-final-for-WNT-comments.pdf
OECD (2018) OECD guidelines: test no. 442: in vitro skin sensitization. https://www.oecd.org/env/test-no-442e-in-vitro-skin-sensitisation-9789264264359-en.htm
OECD (2020) OECD guidelines for testing chemicals. http://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/testing/oecdguidelinesforthetestingofchemicals.htm. Last visit 3 Dec 2020
Pirazzini M, Rossetto O, Eleopra R, Montecucco C (2017) Botulinum neurotoxins: biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. Pharmacol Rev 69(2):200–235
Rajkumar V, Gupta V (2020) Heavy Metal Toxicity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan–. PMID: 32809755. Heavy Metal Toxicity – PubMed (nih.gov) Last access 2020-11-18
Robb EL, Baker MB (2020) Organophosphate Toxicity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan–. PMID: 29261901. Organophosphate Toxicity – PubMed (nih.gov) Last access 2020-11-18
Robles H (2014) Nitrosamines. In: Encyclopedia of toxicology, 3rd edn. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00523-6
Simoni J, Simoni G, Moeller JF (2009) Intrinsic toxicity of hemoglobin: how to counteract it. Artif Organs 33(2):100–109
Sorg O (2014) AhR signalling and dioxin toxicity. Toxicol Lett 230(2):225–233
Sundaram V, Bjornsson ES (2017) Drug-induced cholestasis. Hepatol Commun 1(8):726–735
Szwergold BS (2005) Intrinsic toxicity of glucose, due to non-enzymatic glycation, is controlled in-vivo by deglycation systems including: FN3K-mediated deglycation of fructosamines and transglycation of aldosamines. Med Hypotheses 65(2):337–348
Wang Y, Su H, Gu Y, Song X, Zhao J (2017) Carcinogenicity of chromium and chemoprevention: a brief update. Onco Targets Ther 10:4065–4079
WHO (2019) Information note nitrosamine impurities. https://www.who.int/news/item/20-11-2019-information-note-nitrosamine-impurities. Last visit 24 Nov 2020
Resources
Chemicals. http://www.chemspider.com/. Last visit 30 Oct 2020
Diseases. https://www.mayoclinic.org/. Last visit 30 Oct 2020
Drinking water. https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/en/. Last visit 30 Oct 2020
Pharmaceuticals. https://www.ich.org/. Last visit 30 Oct 2020
Risk assessment. https://www.epa.gov/risk/risk-assessment-guidelines. Last visit 30 Oct 2020
Toxic substances. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html. Last visit 30 Oct 2020
Toxic substances. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiledocs/index.html. Last visit 30 Oct 2020
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Schwenk, M., Burr, R. (2021). Intrinsic Toxicity of Substances: Aspects for Risk Assessment. In: Reichl, FX., Schwenk, M. (eds) Regulatory Toxicology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57499-4_115
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57499-4_115
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-57498-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-57499-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences