Skip to main content

Social Inclusion in Low-Income Communities via Community-Based Tourism

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Social Inclusion
  • 34 Accesses

Abstract

Community-based tourism (CBT) has the potential to bring about social inclusion for the residents of the community. Because CBT is community-managed, residents have greater power to control their role, the narrative, and their benefits than in traditional tourism endeavors into low-income communities. Despite this potential CBT faces a myriad of obstacles, first in getting the tourism projects started and then in sustaining them. Some of this is due to internal factors within their communities, but more often it is related to structural issues outside of the community’s control. Further, the relational dynamics produced during the tourist-local encounter are not always supportive of social inclusion and can actually serve to remind communities of their exclusion. This chapter highlights the potential for CBT to foster social inclusion, before detailing the obstacles to achieving that goal. In identifying the challenges, CBT maintains its potential to bring about social inclusion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arellano, A. (2011). Tourism in poor regions and social inclusion: The porters of the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu. World Leisure Journal, 53(2), 104–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, M. L. (2005). Localizing Cubanness: Social exclusion and narratives of belonging in Old Havana. In J. Besson & K. F. Olwig (Eds.), Caribbean narratives of belonging: Field of relations, sites of identity (pp. 133–148). London: Macmillan Caribbean.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boonratana, R. (2010). Community-based tourism in Thailand: The need and justification for an operational definition. The Kasetsart Journal: Social Science, 31(2), 280–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, S. (2008). A squatter in my own country!’: Spatial manifestations of social exclusion in a Jamaican tourist resort town. In M. Daye, D. Chambers, & S. Roberts (Eds.), New perspectives in Caribbean tourism (pp. 163–187). New York: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cabezas, A. (2008). Tropical blues: Tourism and social exclusion in the Dominican Republic. Latin American Perspectives, 35(3), 21–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa Mielke, E. J. (2012). Community-based tourism: Sustainability as a matter of results management. In G. Lohmann & D. Dredge (Eds.), Tourism in Brazil: Environment, management and segments (pp. 30–43). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiorello, A., & Bo, D. (2012). Community-based ecotourism to meet the new tourist’s expectations: An exploratory study. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21, 758–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, H., & Santilli, R. (2009) Community-based tourism: A success? The International Centre for Responsible Tourism, occasional paper 11. Retrieved from http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/press-harold-goodwin.pdf

  • Levine, J. M., Moreland, R. L., & Hausmann, L. R. M. (2005). Managing group composition: Inclusive and exclusive role transitions. In D. Abrams, M. A. Hogg, & J. M. Marques (Eds.), The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion (pp. 137–160). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupton, R., & Power, A. (2002). Social exclusion and neighborhoods. In J. Hills, J. Le Grand, & D. Piachaud (Eds.), Understanding social exclusion (pp. 118–140). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, E. F. (2016). Converging claims to social inclusion via tourism: Cosmopolitan tourists and low-income residents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana. Available via IDEALS. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/90495. Accessed 27 July.

  • Mendieta, E. (2007). Global fragments: Latinamericanisms, globalizations, and critical theory. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R. E., & Reid, D. G. (2001). Community integration: Island tourism in Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 113–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mordue, T. (2005). Tourism, performance and social exclusion in “Olde York”. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 179–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rendon, M. L., & Bidwell, S. (2015). Success in progress? Tourism as a tool for inclusive development in Peru’s Colca Valley. In A. Panosso Netto & L. G. G. Trigo (Eds.), Tourism in Latin America (pp. 207–233). Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheyvens, R. (2011). Tourism and poverty. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seigel, M. (2009). Uneven encounters: Making race and nation in Brazil and the United States. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Snee, H. (2014). A cosmopolitan journey?: Difference, distinction, and identity work in gap year travel. Burlington: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinbrink, M., Frenzel, F., & Koens, K. (2012). Development and globalization of a new trend in tourism. In F. Frenzel, K. Koens, & M. Steinbrink (Eds.), Slum tourism: Poverty, power and ethics (pp. 1–18). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsing, A. (2004). Friction: An ethnography of global connection. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2019). Exports from International Tourism Hit USD 1.7 Trillion. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/global/press-release/2019-06-06/exports-international-tourism-hit-usd-17-trillion. Accessed 1 March.

  • Williams, E. L. (2014). Sex work and exclusion in the tourist districts of Salvador, Brazil, Gender, Place & Culture. A Journal of Feminist Geography, 21(4), 453–470.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erin Flynn McKenna .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

McKenna, E.F. (2021). Social Inclusion in Low-Income Communities via Community-Based Tourism. In: Liamputtong, P. (eds) Handbook of Social Inclusion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48277-0_113-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48277-0_113-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-48277-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-48277-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics