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Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Tasman’s Psychiatry

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Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition characterized by significant and persistent difficulties with social interaction and communication and by restricted and repetitive behaviors. Signs are often noted during the first 3 years of a child’s life, often worsening with stress or environmental exigencies. There is no single cause for ASD; research suggests a multifactorial condition associated with multiple gene effects and environmental factors. Many of the autism risk genes have also been shown to be involved in intellectual disability and epilepsy. Comorbidities abound (e.g., seizures, GI disturbances, sleep problems, anxiety disorders) and are associated with worse outcomes and increased health needs. Comorbidities often manifest themselves in preschool years, can detrimentally reinforce each other (e.g., epilepsy and sleep disorders), and may be a predictor of maladaptive behaviors. The imaging and neuropathological literature suggest that multiple brain regions (e.g., cerebral cortex, limbic system, cerebellum) are affected. These neuroanatomical differences in the brain are already visible in the first 2 years of life and are highly variable across the human life span. Currently, there are no medications approved to treat the core symptoms of ASD. Identification and treatment of comorbidities may serve to improve the quality of life of affected patients. Behavioral treatments may be delivered to change targeted symptoms. Well-planned and carefully delivered treatments, both developmental and behavioral, improve children’s functioning, particularly IQ and language abilities, both over the shorter and longer term.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC, USA

    Manuel F. Casanova

  2. Division of Child Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    John N. Constantino

  3. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Christine Ecker

  4. Department of Neurology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA

    Richard E. Frye

  5. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    Veronica Martinez-Cerdeño

  6. Rossignol Medical Center, Melbourne, FL, USA

    Daniel A. Rossignol

  7. The Center for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

    Stephen W. Scherer

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Correspondence to Manuel F. Casanova .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

    Allan Tasman

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Cent, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Michelle B. Riba

  3. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Oakland, CA, USA

    Renato D. Alarcón

  4. Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA

    César A. Alfonso

  5. Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Shigenobu Kanba

  6. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

    David M. Ndetei

  7. Malaysian Research Inst on Ageing, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

    Chee H. Ng

  8. Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, München, Bayern, Germany

    Thomas G. Schulze

  9. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia

    Dusica Lecic-Tosevski

Section Editor information

  1. Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

    Thomas G. Schulze

  2. Washington Behavioral Medicine Associates, LLC, Chevy Chase, MD, USA

    Gonzalo Laje

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Casanova, M.F. et al. (2023). Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder. In: Tasman, A., et al. Tasman’s Psychiatry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_32-1

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