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Chitin and Its Derivatives

Applications in Biomedical Devices

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Polysaccharides of Microbial Origin

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Abstract

Chitin and chitosan are well-known natural polymers that have been considered a sustainable feedstock for the production of high-value biomaterials. In particular, the wide availability of the main sources of chitin, e.g., squid pens, shrimp, crab shells, insects, and fungal cell walls, is associated to different methodologies for its extraction, namely, classical methods based on strong acids, alkali, and enzymes, or alternative ones like the use of ionic liquids and/or natural deep eutectic solvents. The latter method offers opportunities to extract and process chitin directly from the raw materials, preserving the chitin qualities. The global market of chitin is continuously increasing across different fields, namely, the textile industry, packaging, technology, and biomedical field. In the biomedical field, many chitin and chitosan-based matrices, namely, membranes, hydrogels, nano−/microfibers, and scaffolds have been produced using various methodologies such as blending chitin and chitosan with other natural/synthetic polymers (such as alginate, gelatin, polycaprolactone), metals and/or ceramics (such as HAp, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2). Besides, the functional groups of chitin and chitosan can be modified for the development of a broad range of derivatives with a wide range of applications. The achieved architectures have the suitable physicochemical and biological performance for applications in wound repair, bone regeneration, cartilage repair, and infectious diseases. In this chapter is performed an overview of the recent research on the extraction, production, and applications of chitin and chitosan-based matrices envisaging their biomedical potential.

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Abbreviations

(H-HTCC)-NS/MS:

N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethyl chitosan

[Amim]Br:

1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide

[Amim]Cl:

1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

[Bmim]Cl:

1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

[Bmim]OAc:

1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate

[Emim]OAc:

1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate

AIBN:

2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile

Bio-IL:

Biocompatible ionic liquids

BMSC:

Bone marrow-derived stem cells

C-CBM:

Collagen—chitin biomimetic membrane

CDI:

1,1-carbonyldiimidazole

CMCS:

Carboxymethyl chitosan sulfate

COP:

Collagen peptide

DA:

Degree of acetylation

DD:

Degree of deacetylation

DES:

Deep eutectic solvent

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGCG:

Epigallocatechin gallate

ESCs:

Epidermal stem cells

GAG:

Glycosaminoglycans

Hap:

Hydroxyapatite

ILs:

Ionic liquids

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

MTGase:

Microbial transglutaminase

MW:

Molecular weight

NACOSs:

N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides

NS/MS:

Nano/microspheres

PCL:

Polycrapolactone

PEI:

Polyethylenimine

SF:

Silk fibroin

TEOS:

Tetraethylorthosilicate

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor- β

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Acknowledgments

The authors especially acknowledge financial support from Portuguese FCT (PD/BD/135247/2017, SFRH/BPD/93697/2013 and CEECIND/01306/2018). This work is also financially supported by Ph.D. program in Advanced Therapies for Health (PATH) (PD/00169/2013), FCT R&D&I projects with references PTDC/BII-BIO/31570/2017, PTDC/CTM-CTM//29813/2017, and R&D&I Structured Projects with reference NORTE-01-0145-FDER-000021.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal

    Simone S. Silva, J. M. Gomes, L. C. Rodrigues & Rui L. Reis

  2. ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal

    Simone S. Silva, J. M. Gomes, L. C. Rodrigues & Rui L. Reis

Authors
  1. Simone S. Silva
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  2. J. M. Gomes
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  3. L. C. Rodrigues
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  4. Rui L. Reis
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simone S. Silva .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal

    Joaquim Miguel Oliveira

  2. 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal

    Hajer Radhouani

  3. 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal

    Rui L. Reis

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Silva, S.S., Gomes, J.M., Rodrigues, L.C., Reis, R.L. (2022). Chitin and Its Derivatives. In: Oliveira, J.M., Radhouani, H., Reis, R.L. (eds) Polysaccharides of Microbial Origin. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42215-8_13

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