Analysis of Chemical Compounds Related to Microplastics

Rios-Mendoza, Lorena M.; Balcer, Mary

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39041-9_6

Lorena M. Rios-Mendoza⁴ &
Mary Balcer⁵

1847 Accesses

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as emergent contaminants in both terrestrial and aquatic environments due to their ability to absorb and release toxic chemicals. The complex interactions that occur between synthetic MPs polymers and hydrophobic toxic compounds, metals, additives, and other emergent contaminants complicates the standardization of techniques used for the extraction and quantitation of these chemicals. Organic compounds are extracted from MPs by soaking, sonication, and the use of microwave, Soxhlet and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) techniques in a variety of polar and nonpolar solvents. The extracts are cleaned up through solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) using an assortment of detectors. The analysis of metals from MPs is more standardized, usually with extraction in 20% aqua regia and analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS). Published papers do not consistently report the use of standards, detection levels, and other quality control measures. This chapter provides a summary of research on the chemical analysis of toxic compounds sorbed to and leached from MPs in order to better understand the chemical processes and help advance the harmonization of chemical analysis of MPs and their associated contaminants.

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Abbreviations

ABS:: Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
EPS:: Expanded polystyrene–styrofoam
HDPE:: High-density polyethylene
LDPE:: Low-density polyethylene
PA:: Polyamide
PE:: Polyethylene
PET:: Polyethylene terephthalate
PLA:: Polyactic acid
PMMA:: Polymethyl methacrylate
POM:: Polyoxymethylene
PP:: Polypropylene
PS:: Polystyrene
PS-COOH:: Polystyrene carboxylate
PVC:: Polyvinyl chloride
UHMW PE:: Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
ASE:: Accelerated solvent extractor
GPC:: Gel permeation chromatography
PFE:: Pressurized fluid extractor
PLE:: Pressurized liquid extraction
SPE:: Solid-phase extraction
SPME:: Solid-phase microextraction
UAE:: Ultrasonic-assisted extraction
AE:: Ethyl acetate
ACN:: Acetonitrile
CHX:: Cyclohexane
DCM:: Dichloromethane
DCMM:: Dichloromethaneromethane
HEX:: Hexane
HPCD:: Hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin
MeOH:: Methanol
NaBEt4:: Sodium tetraethylborate
PBET:: Physiological based extraction fluid
PDNS/DVB:: Polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fiber
TFH:: Tetrahydrofuran
μL²MS:: Microprobe laser-desorption laser-ionization spectrometry
AA:: Atomic absorption spectrometry
ECD:: Electron capture detector
ECNI:: Electron capture negative ion
EDS:: Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
EI:: Electron impact - electron ionization mode
EI+:: Positive electron ionization (electron impact) mode
ESI:: Electrospray ionization
ESI−:: Negative electrospray ionization
FAAS:: Flame atomic absorption spectrometry
FID:: Flame Ionization detector
FP-XRF:: Fundamental parameters x-ray fluorescence
FTIR:: Fourier transform infrared
GC:: Gas chromatography
HPLC:: High-performance liquid chromatography
ICP-MS:: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry
ICP-OES:: Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry
ITMS:: Ion-trap mass spectrometer
LC:: Liquid chromatography
LSC:: Liquid Scintillation Counter
MD:: Mass detector
MRM:: Multiple reaction monitoring modes
MS:: Mass spectroscopy detector
MSD:: Mass selective detector
MS/MS:: Tandem mass spectrometry
QLIT-MS/MS:: Quadrupole linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometer
SBSE:: Stir bar sorptive extraction
SEM:: Scanning electron microscopy
SIM:: Selective ion mode
SIS:: Selective ion storage mode
SRM:: Selective reaction monitoring mode
ToF MS:: Time of flight MS
TQMS:: Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer
TQD:: Tandem quadrupole detector
XRF:: X-ray fluorescence
1,3,6,8- BCZ:: 1,3,6,8- Tetrabromocarbazole
2,4,6-TCP:: 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
2,4-DCP:: 2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4-DTBP:: 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol
3,6-BCZ:: 3,6-dibromocarbazole
4-CP:: 4-chlorophenol
ACE:: Acenaphthene
ACY:: Acenaphthylene
AMX:: Amoxicillin
ANT:: Anthracene
BBT:: Butylbenzylphthalate
BHT:: Butylated hydroxytoluene
BPA:: Bisphenol A
CBs:: Chlorinated benzenes
CIP:: Ciprofloxacin
CUP:: Current use pesticides
DDD:: Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
DDE:: Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
DDTs:: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and related compounds
DEHP:: Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
DEP:: Diethylphthalate
DMP:: Dimethylphthalate
DnBP:: Di-n-butyl phthalate
FLN:: Fluorene
FLT:: Fluoranthene
GenX:: Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid
HBCDs:: Hexabromocyclododecane
HBCDDs:: Hexabromocyclododecane
HCB:: Hexachlorobenzene
HCHs:: Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers
NPs:: Nonylphenols
OCPs:: Organochlorine pesticides
OPEs:: Organophosphorus esters
OPPS:: Organophosphate pesticides
PAEs:: Phthalic acid esters
PAHs:: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PBDEs:: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
PCBs:: Polychlorinated biphenyls
PCP:: Pentachlorophenol
PCPs:: Personal Care Products
PeCB:: Pentachlorobenzene
PFASs:: Perfluoroalkyl substances
PFCs:: Perfluorinated compounds
PFOA:: Perfluorooctanoic acid
PFOS:: Perfluorooctanesulphonic acid
PHE:: Phenanthrene
POPs:: Persistent organic pollutants
SDZ:: Sulfadiazine
TC:: Tetracycline
TMP:: Trimethoprim
IPD:: Intra-particle diffusion
ABLD:: Aqueous boundary layer diffusion

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Department of Natural Sciences/Chemistry and Physics Program, University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI, USA
Lorena M. Rios-Mendoza
Department of Natural Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI, USA
Mary Balcer

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Lorena M. Rios-Mendoza
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Mary Balcer
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Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Teresa Rocha-Santos
Departamento de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
Monica F. Costa
Faculty of Sciences, Université Catholique de L’Ouest, Angers cedex 01, France
Catherine Mouneyrac

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Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
João Pinto da Costa
CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Armando C. Duarte

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Rios-Mendoza, L.M., Balcer, M. (2022). Analysis of Chemical Compounds Related to Microplastics. In: Rocha-Santos, T., Costa, M.F., Mouneyrac, C. (eds) Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39041-9_6

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39041-9_6
Published: 24 February 2022
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