Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Toward a More Critical Understanding of the Experiences of Division I College Athletes

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research

Part of the book series: Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research ((HATR,volume 35))

  • 1460 Accesses

Abstract

With the centrality of commercialism in college athletics, the academic, physical, and social well-being of Division I athletes are arguably at risk. Although the NCAA’s amateurism principle was designed to protect athletes’ best interests, its effectiveness in the context of a multi-billion-dollar enterprise remains unclear, and, at times, contentious. This chapter reviews more than 30 years of research on the wide range of issues affecting the academic and personal well-being of athletes. Keeping the current for-profit culture of intercollegiate athletics in mind, the chapter includes a discussion of formal NCAA and member institution policies, including Title IX, transfer rules, policies concerning concussive injuries, and social media; it also describes athletes’ academic engagement and the supports designed to facilitate their academic success, as well as the effects of the campus racial climate on their experiences. The chapter highlights gaps in the literature to inform future scholarly research in these important areas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    Power Five conferences include the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), Big Ten Conference (B1G), Big 12 Conference, Pac-12 Conference, and Southeastern Conference (SEC).

  2. 2.

    Nonprofit organization comprised of current and former college athletes that work to protect the rights and well-being of college athletes.

  3. 3.

    The NCAA designed the GSR metric to better reflect the enrollment and transfer patterns of Division I athletes. The GSR accounts for athletes who depart or transfer to another school in good academic standing. In the Federal Graduation Rate (FGR), these same athletes are considered non-graduates. The GSR generally is about 20 percentage points higher at most schools than the rate reported by the FGR (see Southall et al. (2012).

  4. 4.

    Hurtado et al. (1998) used “structural diversity” to describe a dimension of campus climate. I use “compositional diversity,” consistent with Milem et al. (2004).

References

  • Acosta, R. V., & Carpenter, L. (2012). Women in intercollegiate sport: A longitudinal national study thirty-five year update: 1977–2012. West Brookfield: Acosta/Carpenter. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED570883.pdf

  • Adler, P., & Adler, P. A. (1991). Backboards and blackboards: College athletes and role engulfment. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Agnew v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, No. 1:11-cv-0293-JMS-MJD, 2011 WL3878200, at ∗1 (S.D.Ind.2011).

    Google Scholar 

  • Agyemang, K., & DeLorme, J. (2010). Examining the dearth of black head coaches at the NCAA football bowl subdivision level: A critical race theory and social dominance theory analysis. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 3, 35–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, L. (2001). Amateurism in sport: An analysis and a defence. Portland: Frank Cass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D. J., & Cheslock, J. J. (2004). Institutional strategies to achieve gender equity in intercollegiate athletics: Does Title IX harm male athletes? American Economic Review, 94, 307–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D. J., Cheslock, J. J., & Ehrenberg, R. G. (2006). Gender equity in intercollegiate athletics: Determinants of Title IX compliance. Journal of Higher Education, 77, 225–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • antonio, a. l. (2001). The role of interracial interaction in the development of leadership skills and cultural knowledge and understanding. Research in Higher Education, 42, 593–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Astin, A. W. (1993). What matters in college: Four years revisited. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axon, R. (2014, January 2). NCAA concussion lawsuits consolidated. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/2014/01/02/concussion-lawsuits-ncaa-consolidated-adrian-arrington/4293867/

  • Banks v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, 977 F.2d 1081 (7th Cir. 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, J. (2012). “Special admissions” bring colleges top athletes, educational challenges. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved from http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/terps/bs-xpm-2012-12-22-bs-sp-acc-sports-special-admits-20121222-story.html

  • Baugh, C. M., Kroshus, E., Daneshvar, D. H., Filali, N. A., Hiscox, M. J., & Glantz, L. H. (2015). Concussion management in United States college sports: Compliance with National Collegiate Athletic Association concussion policy and areas for improvement. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, 47–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, K. F. (2000). Constructing academic inadequacy: African American athletes’ stories of schooling. Journal of Higher Education, 71, 223–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, S. (2013, September 26). NCAA vows to fight O’Bannon suit to the Supreme Court. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaab/2013/09/26/ncaa-ed-obannon-ea-sports-lawsuit-supreme-court/2877579/

  • Berkowitz, S. (2015, January 22). North Carolina, NCAA sued for academic scandal. USA Today Sports. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/2015/01/22/lawsuit-filed-against-north-carolina-ncaa-on-academic-scandal/22173755

  • Bernhard, L. M., & Bell, L. F. (2015). Location, location, location: Placing athletic academic support offices. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Making the connection: Data informed practices in academic support centers for college athletes (pp. 125–141). Charlotte: Information Age.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borden, S., Grondahl, M., & Ward, J. (2017, January 9). What happened within this players skull. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/09/sports/football/what-happened-within-this-players-skull-football-concussions.html

  • Bowen, W. G., & Levin, S. A. (2003). Reclaiming the game: College sports and educational values. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2005.0009.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Branch, T. (2011). The shame of college sports. Atlantic Monthly, 308(3), 80–110. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/10/the-shame-of-college-sports/308643/

  • Broglio, S. P., Macciocchi, S. N., & Ferrara, M. S. (2007). Sensitivity of the concussion assessment battery. Neurosurgery, 60, 1050–1057.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broughton, E., & Neyer, M. (2001). Advising and counseling student athletes. In M. F. Howard-Hamilton & S. K. Watt (Eds.), Student services for athletes: Vol. 93. New directions for student services (pp. 47–53). San Francisco: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. (2011). Second GOALS study emphasizes coach influence. Indianapolis: National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/2010-goals-study-archive

  • Brown, K. T., Brown, T. N., Jackson, J. S., Sellers, R. M., & Manuel, W. J. (2003). Team mates on and off the field? Contact with black teammates and the racial attitudes of White student athletes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1379–1403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browning, A. (2015). Bridging the gap: Academic support for entering special-admit college athletes. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Making the connection: Data informed practices in academic support centers for college athletes (pp. 109–123). Charlotte: Information Age.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning, B., & Sanderson, J. (2012). The positives and negatives of Twitter: Exploring how student-athletes use Twitter and respond to critical tweets. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5, 503–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruening, J. E., & Lee, M. Y. (2007). The University of Notre Dame: An examination of the impact and evaluation of brand equity in NCAA Division IA football. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 16(1), 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruening, J., Armstrong, K., & Pastore, D. (2005). Listening to the voices: The experiences of African American female athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76, 82–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byers, W. (1995). Unsportsmanlike conduct: Exploiting college athletes. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera, N. L. (2014). Exposing whiteness in higher education: White male college students minimizing racism, claiming victimization, and recreating White supremacy. Race Ethnicity and Education, 17(1), 30–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cali, M. R. (2014). The NCAA’s transfer of power: An analysis of the future implications the proposed NCAA transfer rules will have on the landscape of college sports. Jeffrey S. Moorad Sports Law Journal, 21, 217–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantu, R. C. (1996). Head injuries in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 30, 289–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, K., & Humphreys, B. (2000). Nonprofit decision making and social regulation: The intended and unintended consequences of Title IX. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 43, 359–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, M. J. (1999). Does racial diversity matter? The educational impact of a racially diverse undergraduate population. Journal of College Student Development, 40, 377–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, M. J., Denson, N., Saenz, V., & Misa, K. (2006). The educational benefits of sustaining cross-racial interaction among undergraduates. Journal of Higher Education, 77, 430–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clotfelter, C. T. (2011). Big-time sports in American universities. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H. (1990). Gender, Black feminism, and Black political economy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 568, 41–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E. (2005). Environmental predictors of academic achievement among student-athletes in the revenue-producing sports of men’s basketball and football. The Sport Journal, 8(3). Retrieved from http://thesportjournal.org/article/predictors-of-academic-achievement-among-student-athletes-in-the-revenue-producing-sports-of-mens-basketball-and-football/

  • Comeaux, E. (2010). Mentoring as an intervention strategy: Toward a (re)negotiation of first year student-athlete role identities. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 4, 257–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E. (2012). Unmasking athlete micro aggressions: Division I student-athletes’ engagement with members of the campus community. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 5, 189–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E. (2013a). Rethinking academic reform and encouraging organizational innovation: Implications for stakeholder management in college sports. Innovative Higher Education, 38, 281–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E. (2013b). The long-term benefits of cross-racial engagement on workforce competencies for Division I White student-athletes. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 50, 37–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E. (Ed.). (2015a). Introduction to intercollegiate athletics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E. (2015b). Practitioner views of college head coaches: A stakeholder management perspective. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 9, 102–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E. (Ed.). (2015c). Making the connection: Data informed practices in academic support centers for college athletes. Charlotte: Information Age.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E. (Ed.). (2017). College athletes’ rights and well-being: Critical perspectives on policy and practice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E. (2018). Stereotypes, control, hyper-surveillance, and disposability of NCAA Division I black male athletes. In J. G. Gayles (Ed.), Critical issues for student athletes: Going behind the invisible wall: Vol. 163. New directions for student services (pp. 33–42). San Francisco: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E., & Harrison, C. K. (2011). A conceptual model of academic success for student-athletes. Educational Researcher, 40, 235–245. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11415260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E., Harrison, C. K., & Plecha, M. (2006). Gender, sport and higher education: The impact of student–faculty interactions on academic achievement. Academic Athletic Journal, 19(1), 38–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comeaux, E., Bachman, T., Burton, R. M., & Aliyeva, A. (2016). Undergraduate experiences of Division I athlete science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduates. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 26, 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-016-9648-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Congress of Neurological Surgeons. (1996). Proceedings of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons: Report of the Ad Hoc Committee to Study Head Injury Nomenclature. Clinical Neurosurgery, 16, 386–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, B. (2018). The NCAA might ease transfer restrictions for players whose head coaches leave. That’s a long overdue change. SB Nation. Retrieved from https://www.sbnation.com/2018/1/30/16950794/ncaa-transfer-rules-changes-coaches

  • Cooper, J. N. (2015). Strategies for athlete success at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Making the connection: Data informed practices in academic support centers for college athletes (pp. 63–77). Charlotte: Information Age.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. N., & Hawkins, B. (2016). An anti-deficit perspective on black male student athletes’ educational experiences at a historically black college/university. Race Ethnicity and Education, 19(5), 950–979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Covassin, T., Stearne, D., & Elbin, R., III. (2008). Concussion history and post concussion neurocognitive performance and symptoms in collegiate athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 43, 119–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Covassin, T., Moran, R., & Wilhelm, K. (2013). Concussion symptoms and neurocognitive performance of high school and college athletes who incur multiple concussions. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, 2885–2889.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crisco, J. J., Fiore, R., Beckwith, J. G., Chu, J. J., Brolinson, P. G., Duma, S., et al. (2010). Frequency and location of head impact exposures in individual collegiate football players. Journal of Athletic Training, 45, 549–559. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.6.549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley, J. (2006). In the arena: The NCAA’s first century. Indianapolis: National Collegiate Athletic Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, S. C., & Bird, B. M. (2015). Motivations for underreporting suspected concussion in college athletics. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9, 101–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeShazo, K. (2015, March 2). Social media use of student athletes [survey results]. Retrieved from Fieldhouse Media: http://www.fieldhousemedia.net/social-media-use-of-student-athletes-2015/

  • Desrochers, D. M. (2013). Academic spending versus athletic spending: Who wins? Washington, DC: Delta Cost Project of the American Institutes for Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilley-Knoles, J., Burnett, J. S., & Peak, K. W. (2010). Making the grade: Academic success in today’s athlete. The Sport Journal, 13(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, A., Newton, J., McCrory, P., White, P., Davis, G., Makdissi, M., & Finch, C. F. (2015). Translating guidelines for the diagnosis and management of sports related concussion into practice. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 43, 47–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnor, J. K. (2005). Towards an interest-convergence in the education of African American football student-athletes in major college sports. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8, 45–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duderstadt, J. J. (2000). Intercollegiate athletics and the American university: A university president’s perspective. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Duma, S., & Rowson, S. (2014). The biomechanics of concussion: Sixty years of experimental research. In S. M. Slobounov & W. J. Sebatianelli (Eds.), Concussions in athletics: From brain to behavior (pp. 115–137). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0295-8_7.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, H. (1984a). The collegiate athletic arms race: Origins and implications of the “Rule 48” controversy. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 8, 4–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, H. (1984b). The Black “dumb jock”: An American sports tragedy. College Board Review, 131, 8–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eitzen, D. S. (2016). Fair and foul: Beyond the myths and paradoxes of sport (5th ed.). New York: Rowman & Littlefield. https://doi.org/10.2307/2655394.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, T. (2011). Regulation of a student athletes’ social media use: A guide to avoiding NCAA sanctions and related litigation. Mississippi Sports Law Review, 1, 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenno, N. (2013, December 18). In court filing, the NCAA denies legal duty to protect athletes. The Washington Times. Retrieved from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/18/court-filing-ncaa-denies-legal-duty-protect-athlet/

  • Ferrara, M. S., McCrea, M., Peterson, C. L., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2001). A survey of practice patterns in concussion assessment and management. Journal of Athletic Training, 36, 145–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fountain, J. J., & Finley, P. S. (2009). Academic majors of upperclassmen football players in the Atlantic Coast Conference: An analysis of academic clustering comparing White and minority players. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 2, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fountain, J. J., & Finley, P. S. (2011). Academic clustering: A longitudinal analysis of a Division I football program. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 4, 24–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gay, J. (2011). Hands off twitter: Are NCAA student-athlete social media bans unconstitutional. Florida State University Law Review, 39, 781–806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gayles, J. G., & Hu, S. (2009). The influence of student engagement and sport participation on college outcomes among Division I student athletes. Journal of Higher Education, 80, 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gayles, J. G., Comeaux, E., Ofoegbu, E., & Grummert, S. (2018). Neoliberal capitalism and racism in college athletics: Critical approaches for supporting student-athletes. In J. G. Gayles (Ed.), Critical issues for student athletes: Going behind the invisible wall: Vol. 163. New directions for student services (pp. 11–21). San Francisco: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerdy, J. (2006). Air ball: American education’s failed experiment with elite athletics. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gessel, L. M., Fields, S. K., Collins, C. L., Dick, R. W., & Comstock, D. (2007). Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 42, 495–503. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2140075/

  • Graham, R., Rivara, F. P., & Ford, M. A. (Eds.). (2013). Sports-related concussions in youth: Improving the science, changing the culture. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK169016/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK169016.pdf

  • Greenberg, M. J. (2004). Sports facility financing and development trends in the United States. Marquette Sports Law Review, 15, 93–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, W. (2017). The state of concussion protocols: Paperwork or policies? In E. Comeaux (Ed.), College athletes’ rights and well-being: Critical perspectives on policy and practice (pp. 54–64). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurin, P. (1999). Expert report. “Gratz et al. v. Bollinger et al.,” No. 97-75321 (E.D. Mich.) “Grutter et al. v. Bollinger et al.,” No. 97-75928 (E.D. Mich.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurin, P., Dey, E. L., Hurtado, S., & Gurin, G. (2002). Diversity in higher education: Theory and impact on educational outcomes. Harvard Educational Review, 72, 330–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurney, G., & Southall, R. M. (2013, February 14). NCAA reform gone wrong. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2013/02/14/ncaa-academic-reform-has-hurt-higher-eds-integrity-essay

  • Gurney, G., Lopiano, D., & Zimbalist, A. (2017). Unwinding madness: What went wrong with college sports and how to fix it. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guskiewicz, K. M., McCrea, M., Marshall, S. W., Cantu, R. C., Randolph, C., Barr, W., Onate, J. A., & Kelly, J. P. (2003). Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: The NCAA concussion study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 2549–2555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guskiewicz, K. M., Bruce, S. L., Cantu, R. C., Ferrara, M. S., Kelly, J. P., McCrea, M., Putukian, M., & Valovich McLeod, T. C. (2004). National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: Management of sport related concussion. Journal of Athletic Training, 39, 280–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, S. R. (2018). Black male student-athletes and racial inequities in NCAA Division I college sports. Los Angeles: Race and Equity Center, University of Southern California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, C. K., Stone, J., Shapiro, J., Yee, S., Boyd, J. A., & Rullan, V. (2009). The role of gender identities and stereotype salience with the academic performance of male and female college athletes. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 33, 78–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, W. B. (2003). Minorities in higher education: 20th anniversary annual status report. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, B. (2010). The new plantation: Black athletes, college sport, and predominantly White institutions. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, B., Baker, A. R., & Brackebusch, V. B. (2015). Intercollegiate athletics and amateurism. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics (pp. 312–325). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawley, R. (2014, October 24). Social media and the college athlete. Retrieved from https://www.noodle.com/articles/social-media-and-the-college-athlete

  • Heller, E. A., Gilson, T. A., & Paule-Koba, A. (2016). “So, who’s our new coach?”: NCAA student athletes’ perceptions after a head coaching change. The Sport Journal, 19, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer, A., & Pincin, J. A. (2015). The effects of conference realignment on NCAA athletic departments. Applied Economics Letters, 22, 1209–1223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer, A., & Pincin, J. A. (2016). The effects of revenue changes on NCAA athletic departments’ expenditures. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 40(1), 82–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, J. (2010). The dilemma of the Senior Woman Administrator role in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 3, 53–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huma, R., & Staurowsky, E. J. (2011). The price of poverty: A comparison of big-time college athletes’ fair market value, their current compensation, and the U.S. federal poverty line. Riverside: National College Players Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huma, R., & Staurowsky, E. J. (2012). The $6 billion heist: Robbing college athletes under the guise of amateurism. Riverside/Philadelphia: National College Players Association and Drexel University Sport.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado, S., Milem, J. F., Clayton-Pedersen, A. R., & Allen, W. R. (1998). Enhancing campus climates for racial/ethnic diversity: Educational policy and practice. Review of Higher Education, 21, 279–302. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.1998.0003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaschik, S. (2019, May 6). The $6.5 million parents, a video and more guilty pleas. Insider Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/admissions/article/2019/05/06/updates-admission-scandal-65-million-parents-identified-and-two-more

  • Jayakumar, U. M. (2008). Can higher education meet the needs of an increasingly diverse and global society? Campus diversity and cross-cultural workforce competencies. Harvard Educational Review, 78, 615–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayakumar, U. M., & Comeaux, E. (2016). The cultural cover-up of college athletics: How organizational culture perpetuates an unrealistic and idealized balancing act. Journal of Higher Education, 87, 488–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. (2006). A need for heightened scrutiny: Aligning the NCAA transfer rule with its rationale. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law, 9, 439–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins v. NCAA, No. 14-cv-02758-CW (D.N.J. 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. K. (1994). Title IX and intercollegiate athletics: Current judicial interpretation of the standards for compliance. Boston University Law Review, 74, 553–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. (2017). College football’s lack of black head coaches is the result of a flawed pipeline. SB Nation. Retrieved from https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2017/8/9/15959410/black-coaches-rooney-rule-assistants-quarterbacks

  • Jones, C. (2014, November 29). Why should we have to go to class if we came here to play FOOTBALL, we ain’t come to play SCHOOL, classes are POINTLESS [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/cordale10/status/538798414985973760?lang=en

  • Kane, M. J., Leo, P., & Holleran, L. (2008). Issues related to academic support and performance of Division I student-athletes: A case study at the University of Minnesota. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 1, 98–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaut, K. P., DePompei, R., Kerr, J., & Congeni, J. (2003). Reports of head injury and symptom knowledge among college athletes: Implications for assessment and educational intervention. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 13, 213–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, K. C., Jordan, E. M., Joyner, A. B., Burdette, G. T., & Buckley, T. A. (2014). National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic trainers’ concussion-management practice patterns. Journal of Athletic Training, 49, 665–673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilcoyne, K. G., Dickens, J. F., Svoboda, S. J., Owens, B. D., Cameron, K. L., Sullivan, R. T., & Rue, J.-P. (2014). Reported concussion rates for three Division I football programs: An evaluation of the new NCAA concussion policy. Sports Health, 6, 402–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics. (2010). Restoring the balance: Dollars, values, and the future of college sports. Miami: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konsky, S. M. (2003). An antitrust challenge to the NCAA transfer rules. University of Chicago Law Review, 70, 1581–1607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kroshus, E., & Baugh, C. M. (2016). Concussion education in U.S. collegiate sport: What is happening and what do athletes want? Health Education & Behavior, 43, 182–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kukahiko, K. T., & Chang, M. J. (2017). Athletic scholarship arrangement: Maximizing educational opportunities for Pacific Islanders in college football. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), College athletes’ rights and well-being: Critical perspectives on policy and practice (pp. 156–167). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapchick, R., Anjorin, R., & Nickerson, B. (2012). Striving for sustained positive change: The Black coaches and administrators (BCA) hiring report card for NCAA FBS and FCS football head coaching positions. Indianapolis: Black Coaches & Administrators. Retrieved from https://www.sportandsocialjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/BCA_FB_Hiring_FINALSENT1.pdf

  • Lemons, R. S. (2017). Amateurism and the NCAA cartel. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), College athletes’ rights and well-being: Critical perspectives on policy and practice (pp. 32–42). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonardo, Z. (2009). Race, whiteness, and education. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Locks, A. M., Hurtado, S., Bowman, N. A., & Oseguera, L. (2008). Extending notions of campus climate and diversity to students’ transition to college. Review of Higher Education, 31, 257–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LoMonte, F. D. (2014). Fouling the first amendment: Why colleges can’t, and shouldn’t, control student athletes’ speech on social media. Journal of Business & Technology Law, 9, 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumpkin, A. (2012). Athletics in institutions competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision: Positives, negatives, and recommendations for change. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 6, 219–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumpkin, A. (2017). Commercialism in college sports undermines athletes’ educational opportunities and rights. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), College athletes’ rights and well-being: Critical perspectives on policy and practice (pp. 101–112). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynall, R. C., Laudner, K. G., Mihalik, J. P., & Stanek, J. M. (2013). Concussion-assessment and-management techniques used by athletic trainers. Journal of Athletic Training, 48, 844–850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, M. (2013). Missing men: The lack of African-American head coaches in college football. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/matthew-lynch-edd/missing-men-the-lack-of-a_b_2439944.html

  • Majerske, C. W., Mihalik, J. P., Ren, D., Collins, M. W., Reddy, C. C., Lovell, M. R., & Wagner, K. (2008). Concussion in sports: Postconcussive activity levels, symptoms, and neurocognitive performance. Journal of Athletic Training, 43, 265–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maloney, M. T., & McCormick, R. C. (1993). An examination of the role that intercollegiate athletic participation plays in academic achievement: Athletes’ feats in the classroom. Journal of Human Resources, 28, 555–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchi, N., Bazarian, J. J., Puvenna, V., Janigro, M., Ghosh, C., Zhong, J., et al. (2013). Consequences of repeated blood-brain barrier disruption in football players. PLoS One, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056805.

  • Marx, J., Huffmon, S., & Doyle, A. (2008). The student-athlete model and the socialization of intercollegiate athletes. Athletic Insight, 10(1). Retrieved from http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol10Iss1/StudentAthleteModel.htm

  • McCann, M. (2018, September 4). Stakes and stakeholders in Alston v. NCAA, the latest college sports antitrust case. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved from https://www.si.com/college-football/2018/09/04/alston-v-ncaa-trial-news-updates-ncaa-cost-attendance

  • McClincy, M. P., Lovell, M. R., Pardini, J., Collins, M. W., & Spore, M. K. (2006). Recovery from sports concussion in high school and collegiate athletes. Brain Injury, 20, 33–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, R. A., & McCormick, A. C. (2006). The myth of the student-athlete: The college athlete as employee. Washington Law Review, 81(71). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/facpubs/280/

  • McCormick, A. C., & McCormick, R. A. (2008). The emperor’s new clothes: Lifting the NCAA’s veil of amateurism. San Diego Law Review, 45, 495–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Johnston, K., Dvorak, J., Aubry, M., Molloy, M., & Cantu, R. (2009). Consensus statement on concussion in sport: The 3rd international conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 19, 185–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McHale v. Cornell University, 620 F. Supp. 67, 68 (N.D.N.Y. 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Melendez, M. C. (2007). The influence of athletic participation on the college adjustment of freshman and sophomore student athletes. College Student Retention, 8, 39–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, B. (1990). From idealism to actualization: The academic performance of female collegiate athletes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7, 44–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milem, J. F., Dey, E. L., & White, C. B. (2004). Diversity considerations in health professions education. In B. D. Smedley, A. S. Butler, & L. R. Bristow (Eds.), In the nation’s compelling interest: Ensuring diversity in the health care workforce (pp. 345–390). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milem, J. F., Chang, M. J., & antonio, a. l. (2005). Making diversity work on campus: A research-based perspective. Washington, DC: Association American Colleges and Universities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitescu, E., Ludlow, L., Pedulla, J., Cochran-Smith, M., Cannady, M., Chappe, S., Hu, J. Enterline, S., Loftus, F., & Cantor, D. (2009). Building an institution-specific higher education accountability system. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muenzen, K. R. (2002). Weakening its own defense? The NCAA’s version of amateurism. Marquette Sports Law Review, 13, 257–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Board of Regents, 468 U.S. 85(1984).

    Google Scholar 

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2010). 1999–2000 – 2009–2010 NCAA student-athlete ethnicity report. Indianapolis: NCAA Research. Retrieved from http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/library/research/ethnicity_report/2001-02/2001-02_ethnicity_report.pdf

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2012a). NCAA gender equity report, 2004–2010. Indianapolis: National Collegiate Athletic Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2012b). Social environments study. Indianapolis: NCAA Research. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/ncaa-social-environments-study

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2012–2013a). Division I manual. Indianapolis: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2012–2013b). NCAA transfer guide. Indianapolis: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2015a). NCAA finance. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2015b). Growth, opportunities, aspirations and learning of students (GOALS) study. Indianapolis: NCAA Research. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/ncaa-goals-study

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2018a). Division I graduation rate dashboard. Indianapolis: NCAA Research. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/division-i-graduation-rates-database

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2018b). Gallup study: Life outcomes of former student-athletes. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/gallup-study-life-outcomes-former-student-athletes

  • National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2019). What is the NCAA. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/ncaa-101/what-ncaa

  • Nocera, J., & Strauss, B. (2016). Indentured: The inside story of the rebellion against the NCAA. New York: Portfolio/Penguin Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Notebaert, A. J., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2005). Current trends in athletic training practice for concussion assessment and management. Journal of Athletic Training, 40, 320–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, No. CV-09-3329 (N.D. Cal. 2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, No. 14-16601 (9th Cir. 2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Orleans, J. H. (2013). The effects of the economic model of college sport on athlete educational experience. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 6(1), 79–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oseguera, L., Merson, D., Harrison, C. K., & Rankin, S. (2018). Beyond the Black/White binary: A multi-institutional study of campus climate and the academic success of college athletes of different racial backgrounds. Sociology of Sport Journal, 35(2), 119–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E. T., Truckenmiller, R., Nora, A., Terenzini, P. T., Edison, M., & Hagedorn, L. S. (1999). Cognitive impacts of intercollegiate athletic participation: Some further evidence. Journal of Higher Education, 70, 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paskus, T. (2006). Growth, opportunity, aspirations and learning of students in college. Ann Arbor: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35031.v1.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. (2013). Emmert: No one wants to convert student-athletes into employees. CBS Sports. Retrieved from http://www.cbssports.com/collegefootball/eye-on-college-football/23697765/emmert-no-one-wants-to-convert-studentathletes-into-employees

  • Paule, A. (2010, April). Gaining equity in all the wrong areas: An analysis of academic clustering in women’s Division I basketball. Paper presented at the Scholarly Conference on College Sport, Chapel Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, M. T. (2008). Un-equal protection: Preferential admissions treatment for student athletes. Alabama Law Review, 60, 751–782.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, C., Carew, J., Pierce-Gonzalez, D., & Willis, D. (1978). An experiment in racism: TV commercials. In C. Pierce (Ed.), Television and education (pp. 62–88). Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, D. A., Kaburakis, A., & Fielding, L. (2010). The new amateurs: The National Collegiate Athletic Association’s application of amateurism in a global sports arena. International Journal of Sport Management, 11, 304–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rishe, P. J. (1999). Gender gaps and the presence and profitability of college football. Social Science Quarterly, 80, 702–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M. (2011). University of Texas’ TV network is a lucrative web of conflict. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved from http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/michael_rosenberg/01/20/texas.tv/

  • Rowson, S., Duma, S. M., Greenwald, R. M., Beckwith, J. G., et al. (2014). Can helmet design reduce the risk of concussion in football? Technical note. Journal of Neurosurgery, 120, 791–1014. https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.1.JNS13916.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sack, A. L. (2008). Counterfeit amateurs: An athlete’s journey through the sixties to the age of academic capitalism. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sack, A. L. (2009). Clashing models of commercial sport in higher education: Implications for reform and scholarly research. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 2, 76–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sack, A. L., & Staurowsky, E. J. (1998). College athletes for hire: The evolution and legacy of the NCAA’s amateur myth. Westport: Praeger. https://doi.org/10.2307/369741.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sagas, M., & Cunningham, G. B. (2005). Racial differences in the career success of assistant football coaches: The role of discrimination, human capital, and social capital. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 773–797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sailes, G. (1993). An investigation of campus stereotypes: The myth of Black athletic superiority and the dumb jock stereotype. Sociology of Sport Journal, 10, 88–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sallee, B. (2019, April 26). Clemson, coach Dabo Swinney agree to massive 10-year, $93 million contract extension. CBSSports.com. Retrieved from https://www.cbssports.com/college-football/news/clemson-coach-dabo-swinney-agree-to-massive-10-year-93-million-contract-extension/

  • Samsel, H. (2017). Title IX turns 45 today. Its impact goes beyond women playing sports. USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/college/2017/06/23/title-ix-turns-45-today-its-impact-goes-beyond-women-playing-sports/37433427/

  • Sanders, J. P., & Hildenbrand, K. (2010). Major concerns? A longitudinal analysis of student-athletes’ academic majors in comparative perspective. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3, 213–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, J. (2011). To tweet or not to tweet: Exploring Division I athletic departments’ social media policies. International Journal of Sport Communication, 4, 492–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santovec, M. L. (2013). Social media and student athletes: Legal issues are quirky. Women in Higher Education, 22(12), 25–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savage, H. W., Bentley, J. T., McGovern, D. F., & Smiley, M. D. (1929). American College Athletics (Bulletin No. 26). New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, R. G., Ross, S. R., & Fisher, M. (2010). Academic clustering and major selection of intercollegiate student-athletes. College Student Journal, 44, 64–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, A., & Rascher, D. A. (2017). Competitive equity: Can there be a balance between athletes’ rights and a level playing field? In E. Comeaux (Ed.), College athletes’ rights and well-being: Critical perspectives on policy and practice (pp. 128–142). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, B. D. (2017). The revised NCAA Division I governance structure after three years: A scorecard. Texas A&M Law Review, 5, 65–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shropshire, K. L., & Williams, C. D., Jr. (2017). The miseducation of the student athlete: How to fix college sports. Philadelphia: Wharton Digital Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, J. L., & Bowen, W. G. (2001). The game of life: College sports and educational values. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sierra, J. J., Taute, H. A., & Heiser, R. S. (2010). Personal opinions and beliefs as determinants of collegiate football consumption for revered and hated teams. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 19(3), 143–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigelman, L., & Wahlbeck, P. J. (1999). Gender proportionality in intercollegiate athletics: The mathematics of Title IX compliance. Social Science Quarterly, 80, 518–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, H. D., Van Rheenen, D., & Covington, M. V. (1999). Academic motivation and the student athlete. Journal of College Student Development, 40, 151–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, H. D., Bosworth, C., Fujita, S., & Jensen, M. (2007). The athlete stigma in higher education. College Student Journal, 41, 251–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, J. N. (2005). Understanding racism through the eyes of African American male student-athletes. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8, 365–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E., & Hattery, A. J. (2017). Conference realignment and the evolution of new organizational forms. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), College athletes’ rights and well-being: Critical perspectives on policy and practice (pp. 113–127). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, E. M. (2013). An analysis of NCAA Division 1 student athlete social media use, privacy management, and perceptions of social media policies (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED556874

  • Southall, R. M., & Staurowsky, E. J. (2013). Cheering on the collegiate model: Creating, disseminating, and imbedding the NCAA’s redefinition of amateurism. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 37, 403–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southall, R. M., Wells, D. E., & Nagel, M. S. (2005). Organizational culture perceptions of intercollegiate athletics department members. Applied Research in Coaching and Athletics Annual, 20, 65. https://doi.org/10.1123/jis.2014-0134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southall, R. M., Eckard, E. W., Nagel, M. S., & Hale, J. M. (2012). Adjusted graduation gap report: NCAA Division-I football. Chapel Hill: College Sport Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperber, M., & Minjares, V. (2015). Millionaire college coaches and the schools that pay them. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics (pp. 163–175). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stafford, S. L. (2004). Progress toward Title IX compliance: The effect of formal and informal enforcement mechanisms. Social Science Quarterly, 85, 1469–1486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.00286.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staurowsky, E. J. (1998). Critiquing the language of the gender gap equity debate. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 22, 7–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staurowsky, E. J. (2015). College athletes’ rights. In E. Comeaux (Ed.), Introduction to intercollegiate athletics (pp. 287–300). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suggs, W. (2005). A place on the team: The triumph and tragedy of Title IX. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • The Associated Press. (2019, May 29). Transfer, play right away? Don’t bank on it, NCAA cases show. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/05/29/us/ap-fbc-ncaa-transfer-waivers.html

  • Thelin, J. R. (1996). Games colleges play: Scandal and reform in intercollegiate athletics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umbach, P. D., Palmer, M. M., Kuh, G. D., & Hannah, S. J. (2006). Intercollegiate athletes and effective educational practices: Winning combination or losing effort? Research in Higher Education, 47, 709–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-006-9012-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Upthegrove, T. R., Roscigno, V. J., & Charles, C. Z. (1999). Big money collegiate sports: Racial concentration, contradictory pressures, and academic performance. Social Science Quarterly, 80, 718–737.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldron, T. (2013). Congresswoman challenges NCAA over its handling of concussions. Think Progress. Retrieved from http://thinkprogress.org/sports/2013/11/20/2972731/congresswoman-challenges-ncaa-handling-concussions/

  • Watt, S. K., & Moore, J. L. (2001). Who are student athletes? In M. F. Howard-Hamilton & S. K. Watt (Eds.), Student services for athletes: Vol. 93. New directions for student services (pp. 7–18). San Francisco: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • White v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, Second Amended Complaint for Plaintiff, No. CV-06-0999 RGK (C.D. Cal. 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolverton, B. (2008, January 25). Athletes’ hours renew debate over college sports. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/Athletes-Hours-Renew-Debate/22003

  • Wolverton, B. (2010). NCAA agrees to $10.8-billion deal to broadcast its men’s basketball tournament. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/NCAA-Signs-108-Billion-Deal/65219

  • Wolverton, B. & Kambhampati, S. (2017, January 24). As sports programs get bigger, few give much for academics. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/As-Sports-Programs-Get-Richer/235026

  • Yasser, R., & Fees, C. (2005). Attacking the NCAA’s anti-transfer rules as covenants not to compete. Seton Hall Journal of Sports Law, 15, 221–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimbalist, A. (1999). Unpaid professionals: Commercialism and conflict in big-time college sports. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimbalist, A., & Sack, A. (2013). Thoughts on amateurism, the O’Bannon case and the viability of college sport. New Haven: The Drake Group. Retrieved from http://thedrakegroup.org/2013/04/10/drake-group-report-obannon-amateurism-and-the-viability-of-college-sport/

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

    Eddie Comeaux

Authors
  1. Eddie Comeaux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eddie Comeaux .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Laura W. Perna

Section Editor information

  1. No affiliation provided

    Laura W. Perna

  2. No affiliation provided

    Ann Austin

  3. No affiliation provided

    Linda Eisenmann

  4. No affiliation provided

    Pamela Eddy

  5. No affiliation provided

    Adrianna Kezar

  6. No affiliation provided

    Anne-Marie Nunez

  7. No affiliation provided

    Shouping Hu

  8. No affiliation provided

    Anna Neumann

  9. No affiliation provided

    Nicholas A Bowman

  10. No affiliation provided

    Marvin Titus

  11. No affiliation provided

    Nicholas Hillman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Comeaux, E. (2020). Toward a More Critical Understanding of the Experiences of Division I College Athletes. In: Perna, L. (eds) Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, vol 35. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31365-4_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation