Synonyms
Definition
An active appearance model (AAM) is a statistical generative model of deformable objects, which simultaneously models shape and appearance variation. The term AAM often refers to not only a model but also a fitting algorithm associated with the model.
Background
When a deformable object changes its shape, the deformation affects both the 2D shape and appearance (texture) on the captured images of the object. Modeling such shape and appearance variation enables us not only to synthesize photo-realistic images but also to interpret images (interpretation by synthesis). That is, once a parametric generative model is fit to an object in an image, the model parameters “explain” the object in terms of its position, orientation, scale, shape, and appearance. Therefore, a variety of parametric shape and appearance models were...
References
Baltrušaitis T, Robinson P, Morency LP (2012) 3D constrained local model for rigid and non-rigid facial tracking. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2610–2617
Blanz V, Vetter T (1999) A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces. In: SIGGRAPH, pp 187–194
Cootes TF, Kittipanya-ngam P (2002) Comparing variations on the active appearance model algorithm. In: British machine vision conference, pp 837–846
Cootes TF, Taylor CJ (2001) Statistical models of appearance for medical image analysis and computer vision. Proc SPIE Med Imag 4322:236–248
Cootes TF, Taylor CJ, Cooper DH, Graham J (1992) Training models of shape from sets of examples. In: British machine vision conference, pp 9–18
Cootes TF, Taylor CJ, Cooper DH, Graham J (1995) Active shape models – their training and application. Comput Vis Image Underst 61(1):38–59
Cootes TF, Edwards G, Taylor CJ (1998) A comparative evaluation of active appearance model algorithms. In: British machine vision conference, pp 680–689
Cootes TF, Edwards GJ, Taylor CJ (1998) Active appearance models. Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis 2:484–498
Cootes TF, Edwards GJ, Taylor CJ (2001) Active appearance models. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 23(6):681–685
Cristinacce D, Cootes TF (2004) A comparison of shape constrained facial feature detectors. In: Proceedings of international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition, pp 375–380
Cristinacce D, Cootes T (2006) Feature detection and tracking with constrained local models. In: British machine vision conference, pp 929–938
Edwards GJ, Taylor CJ, Cootes TF (1998) Interpreting face images using active appearance models. In: Proceedings of IEEE international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition, pp 300–305
Jones MJ, Poggio T (1998) Multidimensional morphable models: a framework for representing and matching object classes. Int J Comput 2(29):107–131
Kass M, Witkin A, Terzopoulos D (1988) Snakes: active contour models. Int J Comput Vis 1(4):321–331
Matthews I, Baker S (2004) Active appearance models revisited. Int J Comput Vis 60(2):135–164
Matthews I, Xiao J, Baker S (2007) 2D vs. 3D deformable face models: representational power, construction, and real-time fitting. Int J Comput Vis 75(1):93–113
Saragih JM, Lucey S, Cohn JF (2011) Deformable model fitting by regularized landmark mean-shift. Int J Comput Vis 91(2):200–215
Sclaroff S, Isidoro J (1998) Active blobs. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer vision, pp 1146–1153
Turk MA, Pentland AP (1991) Face recognition using eigenfaces. In: Proceedings of IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 586–591
Vetter T, Poggio T (1997) Linear object classes and image synthesis from a single example image. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(7):733–742
Wang Y, Lucey S, Cohn JF (2008) Enforcing convexity for improved alignment with constrained local models. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition
Xiao J, Baker S, Matthews I, Kanade T (2004) Real-time combined 2D+3D active appearance models. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 535–542
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Kawashima, H. (2021). Active Appearance Models. In: Computer Vision. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03243-2_800-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03243-2_800-1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03243-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03243-2
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Computer SciencesReference Module Computer Science and Engineering