Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Well-Being at Work: A Balanced Approach to Positive Organizational Studies

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being

Abstract

The emphasis in the study of workplace well-being has changed from an early focus on preventing illness to a modern focus on promoting wellness. The contemporary study of workplace wellness is incorporated into the domain of positive organizational studies. The present chapter introduces The Movement Model of Workplace Well-Being which serves to integrate the sundry concepts that have been suggested as indicators of workplace well-being and presents The Balance Framework in an effort to help address some of the criticisms of positive organizational studies and offer a mental scaffolding for effectively understanding research and practice on workplace well-being.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbas M, Raja U, Darr W, Bouckenooghe D (2014) Combined effects of perceived politics and psychological capital on job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and performance. J Manag 40:1813–1830

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler JM, Hershfield HE (2012) Mixed emotional experience is associated with and precedes improvements in psychological well-being. PLoS One 7:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Allan BA (2015) Balance among character strengths and meaning in life. J Happiness Stud 16:1247–1261

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahuvia A (2001) Well-being in cultures of choice: a cross-cultural perspective. Am Psychol 56:77–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Ames DR, Flynn FJ (2007) What breaks a leader: the curvilinear relation between assertiveness and leadership. J Pers Soc Psychol 92:307–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Aristotle (2004) The Nicomachean ethics. Penguin Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashforth BE, Rogers KM, Pratt MG, Pradies C (2014) Ambivalence in organizations: a multilevel approach. Organ Sci 25:1453–1478

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspinwall LG, Staudinger UM (2003) A psychology of human strengths: some central issues of an emerging field. In: Aspinwall LG, Staudinger UM (eds) A psychology of human strengths: fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 9–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Badaracco JL (2002) Leading quietly. MA. Harvard Business School Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi RP (2003) Positive and negative emotions in organizations. In: Cameron KS, Dutton JE, Quinn RE (eds) Positive organizational scholarship: foundations of a new discipline. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp 176–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer RA, Smith GT, Hopkins J, Krietemeyer J, Toney L (2006) Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment 13:27–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Baicker K, Cutler D, Song Z (2010) Workplace wellness programs can generate savings. Health Aff 29:304–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey C, Madden A, Alfes K, Fletcher L (2017) The meaning, antecedents and outcomes of employee engagement: a narrative synthesis. Int J Manag Rev 19:31–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargh J, Gollwitzer PM, Lee-Chai A, Barndollar K, Trötschel R (2001) The automated will: nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. J Pers Soc Psychol 81:1014–1027

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrick MR, Mount MK (1991) The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta-analysis. Pers Psychol 44:1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrick MR, Thurgood GR, Smith TA, Courtright SH (2015) Collective organizational engagement: linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance. Acad Manag J 58:111–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumann N, Kaschel R, Kuhl J (2005) Striving for unwanted goals: stress-dependent discrepancies between explicit and implicit achievement motives reduce subjective well-being and increase somatic symptoms. J Pers Soc Psychol 89:781–799

    Google Scholar 

  • Benyamini Y (2005) Can high optimism and high pessimism co-exist? Findings from arthritis patients coping with pain. Personal Individ Differ 38:1463–1473

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergesen AJ (2004) Durkheim’s theory of mental categories: a review of the evidence. Annu Rev Sociol 30:395–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Berrios R, Totterdell P, Kellett S (2018) When feeling mixed can be meaningful: the relation between mixed emotions and eudaimonic well-being. J Happiness Stud 19:841–861

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry LL, Mirabito AM, Baun WB (2010) What’s the hard return on employee wellness programs? Harv Bus Rev 88:104–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Bing MN, LeBreton JM, Davison HK, Migetz DZ, James LR (2007) Integrating implicit and explicit social cognitions for enhanced personality assessment: a general framework for choosing measurement and statistical methods. Organ Res Methods 10:136–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno GA, Burton CL (2013) Regulatory flexibility: an individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspect Psychol Sci 8:591–612

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno GA, Colak DM, Keltner D, Shiota MN, Papa A, Noll JG et al (2007) Context matters: the benefits and costs of expressing positive emotion among survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Emotion 7:824–837

    Google Scholar 

  • Brannan D, Biswas-Diener R, Mohr CD, Mortazavi S, Stein N (2013) Friends and family: a cross-cultural investigation of social support and subjective well-being among college students. J Posit Psychol 8:65–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer MB (1991) The social self: on being the same and different at the same time. Personal Soc Psychol Bull 17:475–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Bright DS, Winn BA, Kanov J (2014) Reconsidering virtue: differences of perspective in virtue ethics and the positive social sciences. J Bus Ethics 119:445–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown KW, Ryan RM (2003) The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol 84:822–848

    Google Scholar 

  • Britton WB (2019) Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way. Curr Opin Psychol 28:159–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Britton WB, Lindahl JR, Cahn BR, Davis JH, Goldman RE (2014) Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1307:64–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunstein JC, Schultheiss OC, Grässmann R (1998) Personal goals and emotional well-being: the moderating role of motive dispositions. J Pers Soc Psychol 75:494–508

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolino MC, Grant AM (2016) The bright side of being prosocial at work, and the dark side, too: a review and agenda for research on other-oriented motives, behavior, and impact in organizations. Acad Manag Ann 10:599–670

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolino MC, Klotz AC, Turnley WH, Harvey J (2013) Exploring the dark side of organizational citizenship behavior. J Organ Behav 34:542–559

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke RJ (2017) Work and well-being. In: Burke RJ, Page KM (eds) Research handbook on work and well-being. Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, pp 3–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne A, Barling J, Dupré KE (2014) Leader apologies and employee and leader well-being. J Bus Ethics 121:91–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron KS, Dutton JE, Quinn RE (2003) Foundations of positive organizational scholarship. In: Cameron KS, Dutton JE, Quinn RE (eds) Positive organizational scholarship: foundations of a new discipline. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp 3–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter NT, Guan L, Maples JL, Williamson RL, Miller JD (2016) The downsides of extreme conscientiousness for psychological well-being: the role of obsessive-compulsive tendencies. J Pers 84:510–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver CS, Scheier MF, Segerstrom SC (2010) Optimism. Clin Psychol Rev 30:879–889

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman LJ, Chapman JP, Raulin ML (1976) Scales for physical and social anhedonia. J Abnorm Psychol 85(4):374–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Chirkov V, Ryan RR, Kim Y, Kaplan U (2003) Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: a self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol 84:97–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi E, Gruman J, Leonard C (2020) A balanced view of mindfulness: Promoting high performance and well-being at work. Manuscript submitted for publication

    Google Scholar 

  • Christian MS, Garza AS, Slaughter JE (2011) Work engagement: a quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Pers Psychol 64:89–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Coifman KG, Flynn JJ, Pinto LA (2016) When context matters: negative emotions predict psychological health and adjustment. Motiv Emot 40:602–624

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke PJ, Melchert TP, Connor K (2016) Measuring well-being: a review of instruments. Couns Psychol 44:730–757

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordaro DT, Sun R, Keltner D, Kamble S, Huddar N, McNeil G (2018) Universals and cultural variation in 22 emotional expressions across five cultures. Emotion 18:75–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford ER, LePine JA, Rich BL (2010) Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: a theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. J Appl Psychol 95:834–848

    Google Scholar 

  • Crocker J, Park LE (2004) The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychol Bull 130:392–414

    Google Scholar 

  • Dane E (2011) Paying attention to mindfulness and its effects on task performance in the workplace. J Manag 37:997–1018

    Google Scholar 

  • De Jonge J, Schaufeli WB (1998) Job characteristics and employee well-being: a test of Warr’s vitamin model in health care workers using structural equation modelling. J Organ Behav 19:387–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Devine D, Forehand R, Morse E, Simon P, Clark L, Kernis M (2000) HIV infection in inner-city African American women: the role of optimism in predicting depressive symptomatology. Int J Rehabil Health 5:141–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener E (1984) Subjective well-being. Psychol Bull 95:542–575

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S (1985) The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess 49:71–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, Smith HL (1999) Subjective well-being: three decades of progress. Psychol Bull 125:276–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijksterhuis A, Aarts H (2010) Goals, attention, and (un)consciousness. Annu Rev Psychol 61:467–490

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson SI, Ko I (2010) Positive organizational psychology, behavior, and scholarship: a review of the emerging literature and evidence base. J Posit Psychol 5:177–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton J, Heaphy ED (2003) The power of high-quality connections. In: Cameron KS, Dutton JE, Quinn RE (eds) Positive organizational scholarship: foundations of a new discipline. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp 263–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellision CW (1983) Spiritual well-being: conceptualization and measurement. J Psychol Theol 11:330–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Group (1996) Counseling within the forgiveness triad: on forgiving, receiving, forgiveness, and self-forgiveness. Couns Values 40:107–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedor D, Maslyn J, Farmer S, Bettenhausen K (2008) The contribution of positive politics to the prediction of employee reactions. J Appl Soc Psychol 38:76–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher C (2010) Happiness at work. Int J Manag Rev 12:384–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkman S, Moskowitz J (2000) Stress, positive emotion, and coping. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 9:115–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Forgas JP (2013) Don’t worry, be sad! On the cognitive, motivational, and interpersonal benefits of negative mood. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 22:225–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Forgas JP (2014) On the downside of feeling good. In: Gruber J, Tedlie Moskowitz J (eds) Positive emotion: Integrating the light sides and dark sides. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 301–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowers BJ (2008) From continence to virtue: recovering goodness, character unity, and character types for positive psychology. Theory Psychol 18:629–653

    Google Scholar 

  • Fineman S (2006) On being positive: concerns and counterpoints. Acad Manag Rev 31:270–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson BL (2001) The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Am Psychol 56:218–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz C, Yankelevich M, Zarubin A, Barger P (2010) Happy, healthy, and productive: the role of detachment from work during nonwork time. J Appl Psychol 95:977–983

    Google Scholar 

  • Goetzel RZ, Mosher Henke R, Tabrizi M, Pelletier KR, Loeppke R, Ballard DW … Metz RD (2014) Do workplace health promotion (wellness) programs work? J Occup Environ Med 56:927–934

    Google Scholar 

  • Good DJ, Lyddy CJ, Glomb TM, Bono JE, Brown KW, Duffy MK et al (2016) Contemplating mindfulness at work: an integrative review. J Manag 42:114–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon AM, Stellar JE, Anderson CL, McNeil GD, Loew D, Keltner D (2017) The dark side of the sublime: distinguishing a threat-based variant of awe. J Pers Soc Psychol 113:310–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant AM, Christianson MK, Price RH (2007) Happiness, health, or relationships? Managerial practices and employee well-being tradeoffs. Acad Manag Perspect 21:51–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant AM, Schwartz B (2011) Too much of a good thing: the challenge and opportunity of the inverted U. Perspect Psychol Sci 6:61–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald AG, Banaji MR (2017) The implicit revolution: reconceiving the relationship between conscious and unconscious. Am Psychol 72:861–871

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenway KH, Kalokerinos EK (2017) Suppress for success? Exploring the contexts in which expressing positive emotion can have social costs. Eur Rev Soc Psychol 28:134–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruber J, Mauss IB, Tamir M (2011) A dark side of happiness? How, when, and why happiness of not always good. Perspect Psychol Sci 6:222–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruman JA, Hart KE, Ianni PI (2017) Applying social psychology to the good life: balancing optimism and pessimism. In: Gruman JA, Schneider FW, Coutts LM (eds) Applied social psychology: understanding and addressing social and practical problems. Sage, Los Angeles, pp 453–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruman JA, Lumley MN, González-Morales M (2018) Incorporating balance: challenges and opportunities for positive psychology. Can Psychol 59:54–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruman JA, Saks AM (2019) What is work good for? A positive organizational psychology perspective. Ind Organ Psychol 12:448–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbesleben JRB, Harvey J, Bolino MC (2009) Too engaged? A conservation of resources view of the relationship between work engagement and work interference with family. J Appl Psychol 94:1452–1465

    Google Scholar 

  • Harms PD, Luthans F (2012) Measuring implicit psychological constructs in organizational behavior: an example using psychological capital. J Organ Behav 33:589–594

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris KJ, Kacmar KM (2006) Too much of a good thing: the curvilinear effect of leader-member exchange on stress. J Soc Psychol 146:65–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey JH, Pauwels BG (2003) The ironies of positive psychology. Psychol Inq 14:125–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassin RR (2013) Yes it can: on the functional abilities of the human unconscious. Perspect Psychol Sci 8:195–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Held BS (2004) The negative side off positive psychology. J Humanist Psychol 44:9–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershfield HE, Scheibe S, Sims TL, Carstensen LL (2013) When feeling bad can be good: mixed emotions benefit physical health across adulthood. Soc Psychol Personal Sci 4:54–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg PY, Glaesmer H, Hoyer J (2006) Separating optimism and pessimism: a robust psychometric analysis of the revised life orientation test (LOT-R). Psychol Assess 18:433–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard ER (1980) The trilogy of mind: cognition, affection, and conation. J Hist Behav Sci 16:107–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Höltge J, Mc Gee SL, Maercker A, Thoma MV (2018) A salutogenic perspective on adverse experiences. Eur J Health Psychol 25:53–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Huppert FA, So TTC (2013) Flourishing across Europe: application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being. Soc Indic Res 110:837–861

    Google Scholar 

  • Huta V, Ryan RM (2010) Pursuing pleasure or virtue: the differential and overlapping well-being benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic motives. J Happiness Stud 11:735–762

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilies R, Aw SSY, Plutt H (2015) Intraindividual models of employee well-being: what have we learned and where do we go from here? Eur J Work Organ Psy 24:827–838

    Google Scholar 

  • Jang D, Kim D-Y (2009) Two faces of human happiness: explicit and implicit life satisfaction. Asian J Soc Psychol 12:185–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MK (2020) Joy: a review of the literature and suggestions for future directions. J Posit Psychol 15:5–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Judge TA, Heller D, Mount MK (2002) Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: a meta-analysis. J Appl Psychol 87:530–541

    Google Scholar 

  • Judge TA, Piccolo RF, Kosalka T (2009) The bright and dark side of leader traits: a review and theoretical extension of the leader trait paradigm. Leadersh Q 20:855–875

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn WA (1990) Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Acad Manag J 33:692–724

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan RE, Kaiser RB (2003) Developing versatile leadership. MIT Sloan Manag Rev 44:19–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan RE, Kaiser RB (2010) Toward a positive psychology for leaders. In: Linley PA, Harrington S, Garcia N (eds) Oxford handbook of positive psychology and work. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 107–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashdan T, Rottenberg J (2010) Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clin Psychol Rev 30:467–480

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyes CLM (2002) The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life. J Health Soc Behav 43:207–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyes CLM (2007) Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: a complementary strategy for improving national mental health. Am Psychol 62:95–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyes CLM (2009) Toward a science of mental health. In: Lopez SL, Snyder CR (eds) Oxford handbook of positive psychology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 89–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Kihlstrom JF (2013) Unconscious processes. In: Reisberg D (ed) The Oxford handbook of cognitive psychology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 176–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Kihlstrom JF, Mulvaney S, Tobias BA, Tobis IP (2000) The emotional unconscious. In: Eich E, Kihlstrom JF, Bower GH, Forgas JP, Niedenthal PM (eds) Cognition and emotion. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 30–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim D-Y (2004) The implicit life satisfaction measure. Asian J Soc Psychol 7:236–262

    Google Scholar 

  • King LA, Pennebaker JW (1998) What’s so great about feeling good? Psychol Inq 98:53–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama S, Markus HR, Matsumoto H, Norasakkunkit V (1997) Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. J Pers Soc Psychol 72:1245–1267

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubiek B, Korunka C, Tement S (2014) Too much job control? Two studies on curvilinear relations between job control and eldercare workers’ well-being. Int J Nurs Stud 51:1644–1653

    Google Scholar 

  • Langens TA (2007) Congruence between implicit and explicit motives and emotional well-being: the moderating role of activity inhibition. Motiv Emot 31:49–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen JT, Hemenover SH, Norris CJ, Cacioppo JT (2003) Turning adversity to advantage: on the virtues of the coactivation of positive and negative emotions. In: Aspinwall LG, Staudinger UM (eds) A psychology of human strengths: fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology. American Psychological Association, Washington, pp 211–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau MA, Bishop SR, Segal ZV, Buis T, Anderson ND, Carlson L … Carmody J (2006) The Toronto mindfulness scale: development and validation. J Clin Psychol, 62, 1445–1467

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus RS (2003) Does the positive psychology movement have legs? Psychol Inq 14:93–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavine M, Cameron K (2012) From weapons to wildfires: positive organizing in practice. Organ Dyn 41:135–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee KJ, Cho S, Kim EK, Hwang S (2020) Do more leisure time and leisure repertoire make us happier? An investigation of the curvilinear relationship. J Happiness Stud. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00153-3. Advance online publication

  • Lewicki P, Hill T, Bizot E (1988) Acquisition of procedural knowledge about a pettern of stimuli that cannot be articulated. Cogn Psychol 20:24–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin W, Koopman J, Wang M (2020) How does workplace helping behavior step up or slack off? Integrating enrichment-based and depletion-based perspectives. J Manag 46:385–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Linley PA, Garcea N, Harrington S, Trenier E, Minhas G (2011) Organizational applications of positive psychology: taking stock and a research/practice roadmap for the future. In: Sheldon KM, Kashdan TB, Steger MF (eds) Designing positive psychology: taking stock and moving forward. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 365–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Linley PA, Joseph S, Harrington S, Wood A, M. (2006) Positive psychology: past, present and (possible) future. J Posit Psychol 1:3–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Littman-Ovadia H, Lavy S, Boiman-Meshita M (2017) When theory and research collide: examining correlates of signature strengths use at work. J Happiness Stud 18:527–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovallo D, Kahneman D (2003) Delusions of success: how optimism undermines executives’ decisions. Harv Bus Rev 81:56–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthans F (2002) The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. J Organ Behav 23:695–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthans F, Youssef-Morgan CM (2017) Psychological capital: an evidence-based approach. Annu Rev Organ Psych Organ Behav 4:339–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Macey WH, Schneider B (2008) The meaning of employee engagement. Ind Organ Psychol 1:2–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh HW, Huppert FA, Donald JN, Hornwood MS, Sahdra BK (2020) The well-being profile (WB-pro): creating a theoretically based multidimensional measure of well-being to advance theory, research, policy, and practice. Psychol Assess. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000787. Advance online publication

  • Massengale M, Choe E, Davis DE (2017) Self-forgiveness and personal and relational well-being. In: Woodyatt L, Worthington EL Jr, Wenzel M, Griffin BJ (eds) Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness. Springer, Cham, pp 101–113

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullough ME, Root LM, Tabak BA, van Oyen Witvliet C (2009) Forgiveness. In: Lopez SL, Snyder CR (eds) Oxford handbook of positive psychology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 427–435

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland DC, Koestner R, Weinberger J (1989) How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychol Rev 96:690–702

    Google Scholar 

  • McMahon DM (2006) Happiness: a history. Grove Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • McNulty JK (2016) Highlighting the contextual nature of interpersonal relationships. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 54:247–315

    Google Scholar 

  • McNulty JK, Karney BR (2004) Positive expectations in the early years of marriage: should couples expect the best or brace for the worst? J Pers Soc Psychol 86:729–743

    Google Scholar 

  • McNulty JK, Fincham FD (2011) Beyond positive psychology? Toward a contextual view of psychological processes and well-being. Am Psychol 67:101–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Milam JE, Richardson JL, Marks G, Kemper CA, McCuthchan AJ (2004) The roles of dispositional optimism and pessimism in HIV disease progression. Psychol Health 19:167–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills M, Fleck CR, Kozikowski A (2013) Positive psychology at work: a conceptual review, state-of-practice assessment, and look ahead. J Posit Psychol 8:153–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Muhonen T, Jönsson S, Denti L, Chen K (2013) Social climate as a mediator between leadership behavior and employee well-being in a cross-cultural perspective. J Manag Dev 32:1040–1065

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman DB, Schwarz N, Stone AA (2020) Global reports of well-being overestimate aggregated daily states of well-being. J Positive Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1725608. Advance online publication

  • Newstead T, Macklin R, Dawkins S, Martin A (2018) What is virtue? Advancing the conceptualization of virtue to inform positive organizational inquiry. Acad Manag Perspect 32:443–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickel LB, Roberts BW, Chernyshenko OS (2019) No evidence of a curvilinear relation between conscientiousness and relationship, work, and health outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol 116:296–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett RE, Wilson TD (1977) Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychol Rev 84:231–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Norem JK, Chang EC (2004) The positive psychology of negative thinking. J Clin Psychol 58:993–1001

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng V, Tay L (2020) Lost in translation: the construct representation of character virtues. Perspect Psychol Sci. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619886014. Advance online publication

  • Oades LG, Dulagil A (2016) Workplace and organizational well-being. In: Oades LG, Steger MF, Fave AD, Passmore J (eds) The Wiley Blackwell handbook of positivity and strengths-based approaches at work. Wiley, Oxford, UK, pp 248–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong AD, Bergeman CS (2004) The complexity of emotions in later life. J Gerontol Psychol Sci 59B:117–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Organ DW (1997) Organizational citizenship behavior: It’s construct clean-up time. Hum Perform 10:85–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Papenhausen C (2010) Managerial optimism and search. J Bus Res 63:716–720

    Google Scholar 

  • Park N, Peterson CM (2003) Virtues and organizations. In: Cameron KS, Dutton JE, Quinn RE (eds) Positive organizational scholarship: foundations of a new discipline. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp 33–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker GB, Hyett MP (2011) Measurement of well-being in the workplace: the development of the work well-being questionnaire. J Nerv Ment Dis 199:394–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawelski JO (2016) Defining the ‘positive’ in positive psychology: part I. A descriptive analysis. J Positive Psychol 11:339–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson MR, Lawless AK, Brown DB, Bravo AJ (2015) Mindfulness and emotional outcomes: identifying subgroups of college students using latent profile analysis. Personal Individ Differ 76:33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson C, Chang EC (2003) Optimism and flourishing. In: Keyes CLM, Haidt J (eds) Flourishing: positive psychology and the life well-lived. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 55–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson C, Park N (2009) Classifying and measuring strengths of character. In: Lopez SL, Snyder CR (eds) Oxford handbook of positive psychology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 25–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson C, Seligman MEP (2004) Character strengths and virtues: a handbook and classification. In: New York: Oxford university press/Washington. American Psychological Association, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson D (2012) Where the sidewalk ends: the limits of social constructionism. J Theory Soc Behav 42:465–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce JR, Aguinis H (2013) The too-much-of-a-good-thing effect in management. J Manag 39:313–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt MG, Pradies C (2012) Just a good place to visit? Exploring positive responses to psychological ambivalence. In: Cameron KS, Spreitzer GM (eds) The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp 924–937

    Google Scholar 

  • Pury CLS, Starkey CB, Kulik RE, Skjerning KL, Sullivan EA (2015) Is courage always a virtue? Suicide killings, and bad courage. J Posit Psychol 10:383–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Reece, A., Yaden, D., Kellerman, G., Robichaux, A., Goldstein, R., Schwartz, B…. Baumeister, R. (2020). Mattering is an indicator of organizational health and employee success. J Positive Psychol: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1689416. Advance online publication

  • Rego A, Cunha MPE (2009) Do the opportunities for learning and personal development lead to happiness? It depends on work-family conciliation. J Occup Health Psychol 14:334–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothman NB, Pratt MG, Rees L, Vogus TJ (2017) Understanding the dual nature of ambivalence: why and when ambivalence leads to good and bad outcomes. Acad Manag Ann 11:33–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell E, Daniels K (2018) Measuring affective well-being at work using short-form scales: implications for affective structures and participant instructions. Hum Relat 71:1478–1507

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell JA (2017) Mixed emotions viewed from the psychological constructionist perspective. Emot Rev 9:111–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust T, Diessner R, Reade L (2009) Strengths only or strengths and relative weaknesses? A preliminary study. J Psychol 143:465–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter M (1987) Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. Am J Orthopsychiatry 57:316–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan RM, Curren RR, Deci EL (2013) What humans need: flourishing in Aristotelian philosophy and self-determination theory. In: Waterman (ed) The best within us: positive psychology perspectives on Eudaimonia. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 57–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan RM, Deci EL (2001) On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annu Rev Psychol 52:141–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryff CD, Keyes LM (1995) The structure of psychological well-being revisited. J Pers Soc Psychol 69:719–727

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryff CD, Singer BH (2008) Know thyself and become what you are: a eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. J Happiness Stud 9:13–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Saks AM, Gruman JA (2018) Socialization resources theory and newcomers’ work engagement: a new pathway to newcomer socialization. Career Dev Int 23:12–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Saks AM, Gruman JA (in press) Employee engagement: a review and critical analysis. In: Sessa V, Bowling N (eds) Essentials of job attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions. Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Salanova M, Llorens S, Cifre E, Martínez IM (2012) We need a HERO! Toward a validation of the healthy and resilient organization (HERO) model. Group Org Manag 37:785–822

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuel DB, Riddel ADB, Lynam DR, Miller JD, Widiger TA (2012) A five-factor measure of obsessive-compulsive personality traits. J Pers Assess 94:456–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheier MF, Carver CS (1985) Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectations. Health Psychol 4:219–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Schindler S, Pfatteichert S, Reinhard M (2019) Potential negative consequences of mindfulness in the moral domain. Eur J Soc Psychol 49:1055–1069

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider SL (2001) In search of realistic optimism. Am Psychol 56:250–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Schooler JW, Mrazek MD, Baird B, Winkielman P (2015) Minding the mind: the value of distinguishing among unconscious, conscious, and metaconscious processes. In: Mikulincer M, Shaver PR, Borgida E, Bargh JA (eds) APA handbook of personality and social psychology, vol 1. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 179–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutte NS, Malouff JM (2019) The impact of signature character strengths interventions: a meta-analysis. J Happiness Stud 20:1179–1196

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz B, Sharpe KE (2006) Practical wisdom: Aristotle meets positive psychology. J Happiness Stud 7:377–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Segerstrom SC (2005) Optimism and immunity: do positive thoughts always lead to positive effects. Brain Behav Immun 19:195–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Seery MD, Holman EA, Silver RC (2010) Whatever does not kill us: cumulative lifetime adversity, vulnerability and resilience. J Pers Soc Psychol 99:1025–1041

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman MEP (2002) Authentic happiness. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman MEP (2011) Flourish. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman MEP (2015) Chris Peterson’s unfinished masterwork: the real mental illness. J Posit Psychol 10:3–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman MEP, Csikszentmihalyi M (2000) Positive psychology: an introduction. Am Psychol:5–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro SL, Carlson LE, Aston JA, Freedman B (2006) Mechanisms of mindfulness. J Clin Psychol 62:373–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon KM, Elliott AJ (1999) Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model. J Pers Soc Psychol 76:482–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepperd JA, Waters EA, Weinstein ND, Klein WMP (2015) A primer on unrealistic optimism. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 24:232–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimazu A, Miyanaka D, Schaufeli WB (2010) Work engagement from a cultural perspective. In: Albrecht S (ed) Handbook of employee engagement: perspectives, issues, research and practice. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, pp 364–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiner RL, Masten AS, Roberts JM (2003) Childhood personality foreshadows adult personality and life outcomes two decades later. J Pers 71:1145–1170

    Google Scholar 

  • Shipman A, Mumford MD (2011) When confidence is detrimental: influence of overconfidence on leadership effectiveness. Leadersh Q 22:649–665

    Google Scholar 

  • Shmotkin D (2005) Happiness in the face of adversity: reformulating the dynamic and modular bases of subjective well-being. Rev Gen Psychol 9:291–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Shmotkin D (2011) The pursuit of happiness: alternative conceptions of subjective well-being. In: Poon LW, Cohen-Mansfield J (eds) Understanding well-being in the oldest old. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 27–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon-Thomas ER (2018) The four keys to happiness at work. Greater Good Magazine. Retrieved from: https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/the_four_keys_to_happiness_at_work

  • Smith MB, Hill AD, Wallace JC, Recendes T, Judge TA (2018) Upsides to dark and downsides to bright personality: a multidomain review and future research agenda. J Manag 44:191–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonnentag S (2012) Psychological detachment from work during leisure time: the benefits of mentally disengaging from work. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 21:114–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Spreitzer G, Sonenshein S (2003) Positive deviance and extraordinary organizing. In: Cameron KS, Dutton JE, Quinn RE (eds) Positive organizational scholarship: foundations of a new discipline. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp 207–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiglbauer B, Kovacs C (2018) The more, the better? Curvilinear effects of job autonomy on well-being from vitamin model and PE-fit theories. J Occup Health Psychol 23:520–536

    Google Scholar 

  • Su R, Tay L, Diener E (2014) The development and validation of the comprehensive inventory of thriving (CIT) and the brief inventory of thriving (BIT). Appl Psychol Health Well Being 6:251–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor E (2001) Positive psychology and humanistic psychology: a reply to Seligman. J Humanist Psychol 41:13–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Tejeda MJ (2015) Exploring the supportive effects of spiritual well-being on job satisfaction given adverse work conditions. J Bus Ethics 131:173–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Teramoto Pedrotti J, Edwards LM, Lopez SJ (2009) Positive psychology within a cultural context. In: Lopez SL, Snyder CR (eds) Oxford handbook of positive psychology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 49–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL (2004) Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J Pers Soc Psychol 86:320–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Vancouver JB, Thompson CM, Williams AA (2001) The changing signs in the relationship among self-efficacy, personal goals, and performance. J Appl Psychol 86:605–620

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Katwyk PT, Fox S, Spector PE, Kelloway EK (2000) Using the job-related affective well-being scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors. J Occup Health Psychol 5:219–230

    Google Scholar 

  • van Wingerden J, Bakker AB, Derks D (2017) Fostering employee well-being via a job crafting intervention. J Vocat Behav 100:164–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Law KS, Zhang MJ, Li YN, Liang Y (2019) It’s mine: psychological ownership of one’s job explains positive and negative workplace outcomes of job engagement. J Appl Psychol 104:229–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A (1988) Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 54:1063–1070

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson D, Stanton K (2017) Emotion blends and mixed emotions in the hierarchical structure of affect. Emot Rev 9:99–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Warr P (1990) The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health. J Occup Psychol 63:193–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Warr P (2007) Work, happiness, and unhappiness. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren S (2010) What’s wrong with being positive? In: Linley PA, Harrington S, Garcia N (eds) Oxford handbook of positive psychology and work. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 313–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Waterman AS (1993) Two conceptions of happiness: contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. J Pers Soc Psychol 64:678–691

    Google Scholar 

  • Westphal M, Seivert NH, Bonanno GA (2010) Expressive flexibility. Emotion 10:92–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmarsh S, Udden J, Barendregt H, Petersson KM (2013) Mindfulness reduces habitual responding based on implicit knowledge: evidence from artificial grammar learning. Conscious Cogn 22:833–845

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiese CW, Tay L, Duckworth AL, D’Mello S, Kuykendall L, Hofmann W et al (2018) Too much of a good thing? Exploring the inverted-U relationship between self-control and happiness. J Pers 86:380–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson BM, Mickes L, Stolarz-Fantino S, Evrard M, Fantino E (2015) Increased false-memory susceptibility after mindfulness meditation. Psychol Sci 26:1567–1573

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson TD (2002) Strangers to ourselves: discovering the adaptive unconscious. The Belknap Press, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkielman P, Berridge KC (2004) Unconscious emotion. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 13:120–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohl MJA, McLaughlin KJ (2014) Self-forgiveness: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Soc Personal Psychol Compass 8:422–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong TP (2012) Toward a dual-systems model of what makes life worth living. In: Wong TP (ed) The human quest for meaning: theories, research, and applications. Routledge, New York, pp 3–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodyatt L, Cornish MA, Cibich M (2017) Self-forgiveness at work: finding pathways to renewal when coping with failure and perceived transgressions. In: Woodyatt L, Worthington EL Jr, Wenzel M, Griffin BJ (eds) Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp 293–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolfolk, R. L. (2002). The power of negative thinking: truth, melancholia, and the tragic sense of life: Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 22, 19–27

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2020). Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/constitution

  • Wright TA (2014) Putting your best “face” forward: the role of emotion-based well-being in organizational research. J Organ Behav 35:1153–1168

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright TA, Emich KJ, Klotz D (2017) In: Burke RJ, Page KM (eds) Research handbook on work and well-being. Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, pp 37–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright TA, Huang C-C (2012) The many benefits of employee well-being in organizational research. J Organ Behav 33:1188–1192

    Google Scholar 

  • Young KC, Kashdan TB, Macatee R (2015) Strength balance and implicit strength measurement: new considerations for research on strengths of character. J Posit Psychol 10:17–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Yu Q, Zhang Q, Guo Y, Chen J (2020) The relationship between explicit self-esteem and subjective well-being: the moderating effect of implicit self-esteem. J Gen Psychol 147:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng X, Zhu W, Zhao H, Zhang C (2015) Employee well-being in organizations: theoretical model, scale development, and cross-cultural validation. J Organ Behav 36:621–644

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gordon S. Lang School of Business and Economics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada

    Jamie A. Gruman

  2. Ted Rogers School of Business, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Ellen Choi

Authors
  1. Jamie A. Gruman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ellen Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jamie A. Gruman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Woodbury University, North Hills, CA, USA

    Satinder Dhiman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Gruman, J.A., Choi, E. (2020). Well-Being at Work: A Balanced Approach to Positive Organizational Studies. In: Dhiman, S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02470-3_84-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02470-3_84-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-02470-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-02470-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Business and ManagementReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation