- Anthracite:
-
Anthracite is the highest rank of coal because it has undergone the greatest degree of metamorphosis away from peat. It features low volatile matter (<10%) and high carbon, giving it the highest energy content of all coals. Semianthracite is somewhere in the middle between low volatile bituminous coal and anthracite.
- Ash:
-
Inorganic residues remaining after combustion. It is less than the initial mineral matter content because of chemical changes during combustion, i.e., the loss of water, carbon dioxide, and sulfurous compounds.
- Bituminous coal:
-
Bituminous coal lies between subbituminous coal and semianthracite in terms of rank. This rank of coal is commonly divided into additional subgroups dependent upon the content of volatile material.
- Calorific value:
-
Corresponds to the amount of heat per unit mass when combusted. Can be expressed as gross calorific value, which is the amount of heat liberated during combustion under standardized conditions at...
Bibliography
Primary Literature
Ehrlich PR, Ehrlich AH, Holdren JP (1970) Ecoscience: population, resources, environment. W.H Freeman and Company, San Francisco
Cook E (1977) Energy: The ultimate resource? Resource papers for college geography, Issue 77–4, 42 p
Simon J (1966) The ultimate resource 2. Princeton University, New Jersey
Bromley DA (2002) Science, technology, and politics. Technol Soc 24:9–26
Einstein A (1905) Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig? Ann Phys 323:639–641
IEA, 2015. Key world energy statistics 2015, see also: http://www.iea.org
Pimentel D, Hurd LE, Bellotti AC, Forster MJ, Oka IN, Sholes OD, Whitman RJ (1973) Food production and the energy crisis. Science 182(4111):443–449
Green MB (1978) Eating oil: energy use in food production. Westview Press, Boulder
Pfieffer DA (2006) Eating fossil fuels: oil, food and the coming crisis in agriculture. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island
Pimentel D (2007) Food, energy, and society. CRC, Boca Raton
Akinlo AE (2002) Energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from 11 sub-Saharan African countries. Energy Econ 30:2391–2400
Hondroyiannis G, Lolos S, Papapetrou E (2002) Energy consumption and economic growth: assessing the evidence from Greece. Energy Econ 24:319–336
Höök M, Aleklett K (2009) Historical trends in American coal production and a possible future outlook. Int J Coal Geol 78(3):201–216. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2009.03.002
Diessel CFK (1992) Coal-bearing depositional systems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Moore PD (1987) Ecological and hydrological aspects of peat formation. In: Scott AC (ed) Coal and coal-bearing strata: recent advances, vol 32. Spec. Publ. Geo. Soc, London, pp 7–15
Nadon GC (1998) Magnitude and timing of peat-to-coal compaction. Geology 26(8):727–730. doi:10.1130/0091-7613
Mäkilä M (2006) Lot of peat deposits under 300 years old in Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Peat Research Report 59/2006.
Ryer TA, Langer AW (1980) Thickness change involved in the peat-to-coal transformation of bituminous coal of Cretaceous age in central Utah. J Sediment Petrol 50:987–992
Dukes JS (2003) Burning buried sunshine: human consumption of ancient solar energy. Clim Chang 61(1–2):31–44. doi:10.1023/A:1026391317686
Neuzil SG, Supardi CCB, Kane JS, Soedjono K (1993) Inorganic geochemistry of domed peat in Indonesia and its implication for the origin of mineral matter in coal. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 286:23–44
Cecil CB, Dulong FT, Cobb JC, Supardi K (1993) Allogenic and autogenic controls of sedimentation in the central Sumatra basin as an analogue for Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata in the Appalachian Basin. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 286:2–22
Gastaldo RA, Allen GP, Huc AY (1993) Detrial peat foundation in the tropical Mahakam River Delta, Kalimantan, Eastern Borneo: sedimentation, plant composition and geochemistry. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 286:107–118
Ruppert LF, Neuzil SG, Cecil CB, Kane JS (1993) Inorganic constituents from samples of a domed and lacustrine peat, Sumatra, Indonesia. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 286:83–96
Wellman CH, Osterloff PL, Mohuiddin U (2003) Fragments of the earliest land plants. Nature 425:282–285. doi:10.1038/nature01884
Butler J, Marsh H, Goodarzi F (1988) World coals: genesis of the world’s major coal fields in relation to plate tectonics. Fuel 67(2):269–274
Walker S (2000) Major coalfields of the world. IEA Coal Research, London
Saus T, Schiffer HW (1999) Lignite international. Rheinbraun AG, Cologne
American Society for Testing and Materials (2005). Standard Classification of Coals by Rank. ASTM D388–05, ASTM International
Carpenter AM (1988) Coal classification. IEA Coal Research, London
Lappalainen E (1996) General review on world peatland and peat resources. In: Lappalainen E (ed) Global peat resources. International Peat Society, Jyskä
Lottes AL, Ziegler AM (1994) World peat occurrence and the seasonality of climate and vegetation. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 106(1–4):23–37
Thielemann T, Schmidt S, Gerling PJ (2007) Lignite and hard coal: energy suppliers for world needs until the year 2100 – an outlook. Int J Coal Geol 72:1–14
van Rensburg WCJ (1982) The relationship between resources and reserves estimates for US coal. Res Policy 8(1):53–58
Wood GH, Kehn TM, Carter MD, Culbertson WC (1983) Coal Resource Classification System of the U.S. Geological Survey. US Geological Survey Circular 891. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c891/
Eggleston JR, Carter MD, Cobb JC (1990) Coal resources available for development – a methodology and pilot study. US Geol Surv Circ 1055. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1055/
Carter MD, Gardner NK (1989) An assessment of coal resources available for development, central Appalachian region. US Geol Surv Open-File Rep 89–362. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/of89-362/
Luppens JA, Rohrbacher TJ, Haacke, JE, Scott DC, Osmonson LM (2006) Status report: USGS coal assessment of the Powder River, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006–1072. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1072/
American Association of Petroleum Geologists (2007) Unconventional energy resources and geospatial information: 2006 review. Nat Resour Res 16:243–261
Energy Information Administration (1996) U.S. Coal Reserves, Appendix A, Specialized resource and reserve terminology. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/coal/052995.pdf
BP (2016) BP Statistical Review of World Energy. http://www.bp.com
World Energy Council (1924) Survey of energy resources 2013 and previous reports and statistical yearbooks from previous world power conferences. World Energy Council, London. http://www.worldenergy.org/
German Federal Institute of Geology and Natural Resources (1980–2015) Reserves, resources and availability of energy resources. Various editions
Flores RM, Stricker GD, Kinney SA (2004) Alaska coal geology, resources, and coalbed methane potential. USGS report. http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-077/
Luppens JA, Scott DC, Haacke JE, Osmonson LM, Rohrbacher TJ, Ellis MS (2008) Assessment of coal geology, resources, and reserves in the Gillette coalfield, Powder River Basin, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008–1202. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1202/
Hubbert MK (1982) Response to David Nissens remarks. http://www.hubbertpeak.com/Hubbert/to_nissen.htm
Kurleyna MV, Tanaino AS (1997) Open-pit and underground mines – energy analysis of open-pit mining. J Min Sci 33(5):453–462
Rohrbacher TJ, Teeters DD, Sullivan GL, Osmonson LM (1993) Coal resource recoverability – a methodology. U.S. Bureau of Mines Circular 9368. http://pubs.usgs.gov/usbmic/ic-9368/
Watson WD, Ruppert LF, Tewalt SJ, Bragg LJ (2001) The Upper Pennsylvanian Pittsburgh Coal Bed: resources and mine models. Nat Resour Res 10:21–34. doi:10.1023/A:1011529430807
Blackmore G, Ehrenreich SB (1987) Reserve data base report of the National Coal Council: advisory report to the U.S. Department of Energy. National Coal Council, Arlington
National Petroleum Council (2007) Facing hard truths about Energy. http://www.npchardtruthsreport.org/
U.S. National Academies (2007) Coal: research and development to support national energy policy. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C
Storchmann K (2005) The rise and fall of German hard coal subsidies. Energ Policy 33(11):1469–1492
Frondel M, Kambeck R, Schmidt CM (2007) Hard coal subsidies: a never-ending story? Energ Policy 35(7):3807–3814
Malyshev YN (2000) Strategy for the development of the Russian coal industry. J Min Sci 36(1):57–65
Petsch G (1982) Environmental problems of coal production in the federal republic of Germany with particular reference to the Ruhr. Environ Geochem Health 4:75–80
Tobin RJ (1984) Air quality and coal – the US experience. Energ Policy 12:342–352
Yeager KE, Baruch SB (1987) Environmental issues affecting coal technology: a perspective on US trends. Annu Rev Energy 12:471–502
O’Brien B (1997) The effects of Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 on Electric Utilities: an Update. EIA report DOE/EIA-058297 distribution category UC-950. ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/electricity/ef_caau1.pdf
Ackerman F, Biewald B, White D, Woolf T, Moomaw W (1999) Grandfathering and coal plant emissions: the cost of cleaning up the Clean Air Act. Energ Policy 27:929–940
Patiño-Echeverri D, Fischbeck P, Kriegler E (2009) Economic and environmental costs of eegulatory uncertainty for coal-fired power plants. Environ Sci Technol 43:578–584
U.S. Geological Survey (2016) Mineral Commodity data – Peat Statistics and Information. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/peat/
Geological Survey of Finland (2009) Peat resources of Finland. http://en.gtk.fi/Resources/peat_resources.html
World Coal Institute (2005) The coal resource – a comprehensive overview of coal. http://www.worldcoal.org/
Mitchell B (2003) International historical statistics 1750–2000. Palgrave MacMillan, London
Kecojevic V, Nor ZD (2008) Hazard identification for equipment-related fatal incidents in the U.S. underground coal mining. J Coal Sci Eng (China) 15(1):1–6
Grayson RL (2008) Improving mine safety technology and training in the U.S. recommendations of the mine safety technology and training commission. J Coal Sci Eng (China) 14(3):425–431
Szwilski AB (1988) Significance and measurement of coal mine productivity. Min Sci Technol 6(3):221–231
Kulshreshtha M, Parikh JK (2002) Study of efficiency and productivity growth in opencast and underground coal mining in India: a DEA analysis. Energy Econ 24(5):439–453
Tilton JE (2003) Assessing the threat of mineral depletion. Miner Energy 18:33–42
Rodríguez XA, Arias C (2008) The effects of resource depletion on coal mining productivity. Energy Econ 30:397–408. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2007.10.007
Topp V, Soames L, Parham D, Bloch H (2008) Productivity in the mining industry: measurement and interpretation. Productivity Commission, Melbourne
Adelman MA (1990) Mineral depletion, with special reference to petroleum. Rev Econ Stat 72:1–10
Hubbert MK (1956) Nuclear energy and the fossil fuels. Shell Development Company, Houston
Hubbert MK (1959) Techniques of prediction with application to the petroleum industry. Shell Development Company, Dallas
van Rensburg WCJ (1975) ‘Reserves’ as a leading indicator to future mineral production. Res Policy 1:343–356
Milici RC, Campbell EVM (1997) A predictive production rate life-cycle model for southwestern Virginia coalfields. Geol Sur Circ 1147 http://pubs.usgs.gov/circular/c1147/
Ion DC (1979) World energy supplies. Proc Geol Assoc 90:193–202
Mohr SH, Evans GM (2009) Forecasting coal production until 2100. Fuel 88:2059–2067
Moriatry P, Honnery D (2009) What energy levels can the Earth sustain? Energ Policy 37:2469–2474
Books and Reviews
Thomas L (2002) Coal geology. Wiley, New York
Cobb CJ (1994) Modern and ancient coal-forming environments. Geological Society of America Special Paper
Lappalainen E (1996) Global peat resources. International Peat Society; Geological Survey of Finland, cop. 359 s
Yudovich YE, Ketris MP (2005) Arsenic in coal: a review. Int J Coal Geol 61(3–4):141–196
Seredin VV, Finkelman RB (2008) Metalliferous coals: a review of the main genetic and geochemical types. Int J Coal Geol 76(4):253–289
Schissler AP (2004) Coal mining, design and methods of. In: Cleveland CJ (ed) Encyclopedia of energy. Elsevier Academic, San Diego
Schilstra AJ, Gerding MAW (2004) Peat resources. In: Cleveland CJ (ed) Encyclopedia of energy. Elsevier Academic, San Diego
George H, Meech J, Workman L (1986) Towards reducing the physical environmental impact of North American surface coal mines; a review of potential selective overburden handling techniques. Min Sci Technol 3(2):81–94
Suárez-Ruiz I, Crelling JC (2008) Applied coal petrology: the role of petrology in coal utilization. Academic, New York
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this entry
Cite this entry
Höök, M. (2017). Coal and Peat: Global Resources and Future Supply. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_161-3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_161-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2493-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2493-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Earth and Environm. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences