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With the appearance of large scale audio and video databases in various application areas, novel information retrieval methods adapted to the specific characteristics of these data types are required. A natural way of searching in a musical audio database is by humming the tune of a song as a query, which is so-called “query by humming”. In this entry, state-of-the-art techniques for effective and efficient querying by humming are described.
Historical Background
In 1995, Asif Ghias et al. [2] proposed the basic architecture for a system supporting query by humming. Three main components are introduced in the system: a pitch-tracking module, a melody database, and a query engine. Queries are hummed into a microphone, digitized, and fed into a pitch-tracking module. Then, a symbol sequence representation upon the relative pitch transitions of the hummed melody is sent to the query engine, which produces a ranked list of...
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Recommended Reading
Fu AW-C, Keogh EJ, Lau LYH, Ratanamahatana CA. Scaling and time warping in time series querying. In: Proceedings of the 31st international conference on very large data bases. 2005. p. 649–60.
Ghias A, Logan J, Chamberlin D, Smith BC. Query by humming: musical information retrieval in an audio database. In: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM international conference on multimedia. 1995. p. 231–6.
Keogh EJ. Exact indexing of dynamic time warping. In: Proceedings of the 28th international conference on very large data bases. 2002. p. 406–17.
Zhou M, Wong MH. Boundary-based lower-bound functions for dynamic time warping and their indexing. In: Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on data engineering. 2007. p. 1307–11.
Zhu Y, Shasha D. Warping indexes with envelope transforms for query by humming. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD international conference on management of data. 2003. p. 181–92.
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Bu, Y., Wong, R.CW., Fu, A.WC. (2016). Query by Humming. In: Liu, L., Özsu, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Database Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7993-3_292-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7993-3_292-2
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