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In the shared-memory architecture, the entire memory, i.e., main memory and disks, is shared by all processors. A special, fast interconnection network (e.g., a high-speed bus or a cross-bar switch) allows any processor to access any part of the memory in parallel. All processors are under the control of a single operating system which makes it easy to deal with load balancing. It is also very efficient since processors can communicate via the main memory.
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Shared-memory is the architectural model adopted by recent servers based on symmetric multiprocessors (SMP). It has been used by several parallel database system prototypes and products as it makes DBMS porting easy, using both inter-query and intra-query parallelism.
Shared-memory has two advantages: simplicity and load balancing. Since directory and control information (e.g., lock tables) are shared by all processors, writing database software is not very different than for single-processor computers. In particular, inter-query parallelism is easy. Intra-query parallelism requires some parallelization but remains rather simple.
Load balancing is also easy to achieve since it can be achieved at run-time by allocating each new task to the least busy processor.
However, shared-memory has three problems: cost, limited extensibility and low availability. The main cost is incurred by the interconnection network which requires fairly complex hardware because of the need to link each processor to each memory module or disk. With faster processors, conflicting accesses to the shared-memory increase rapidly and degrade performance. Therefore, extensibility is limited to a few tens of processors, typically up to 16 for the best cost/performance. Finally, since memory is shared by all processors, a memory fault may affect several processors thereby hurting availability. The solution is to use duplex memory with a redundant interconnect which makes it more costly.
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Valduriez, P. (2016). Shared-Memory Architecture. In: Liu, L., Özsu, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Database Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7993-3_1082-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7993-3_1082-2
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