Definition
An island of older rock embayed and surrounded by younger lava (Larson 1992).
Synonyms
Morphometry
There is no size limit determined for kipukas.
Formation
Formed by volcanic accumulation at and burial of the surroundings of a rock; in contrast to outliers (plateau) that form by erosion of the surroundings.
Significance
Distinguishing structures that predate a lava flow (i.e., kipukas) from those that are superposed on lava flows is important in determining stratigraphic relationships (and emplacement history) of units (e.g., volcanic cones on Venus: Ivanov and Head 2004, impact craters on Mercury: Murchie et al. 2008).
Planetary Analogues
Venus: small volcanoes that may be embayed by regional plains (Kreslavsky and Head 1999) or shield fields (Ivanov and Head 2004). Moon: Darney Chi (Cognitum Kipuka), Aristarchus Plateau (Nichols et al. 1974) kipukas of highland material adjacent to mare domes (Head and Gifford 1980; Fig. 1). Mars: the Columbia Hills represent a...
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References
Allaby M (ed) (2013) A dictionary of geology and earth sciences. Oxford University Press, Oxford
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Head JW, Gifford A (1980) Lunar mare domes: classification and modes of origin. Moon Planets 22:235–258
Ivanov MA, JW Head (2004) Stratigraphy of small shield volcanoes on Venus: criteria for determining stratigraphic relationships and assessment of relative age and temporal abundance. J Geophys Res 109:E10001. doi:10.1029/2004JE002252
Kreslavsky MA, Head JW (1999) Morphometry of small shield volcanoes of Venus: implications for the thickness of regional plains. J Geophys Res 104(E8):18925–18932
Larson CV (1992) Nomenclature of lava tube features. In: Rea GT (ed) 6th international symposium of Vulcanospeleology, Hilo, Aug 1991. National Speleological Society
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Nichols DJ, Young RA, Brennan WJ (1974) Lunar kipukas as evidence for an extended tectonic and volcanic history of the maria. Lunar Planet Sci Conf V:550–552, Houston
Ruff SW (2012) The early history of Gusev crater revisited. Third conference on early Mars #7042
Wood C (2004) Cognitum Kipuka. Lunar photo of the day. http://www.lpod.org/archive/LPOD-2004-07-28.htm
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Hargitai, H. (2014). Kipuka. In: Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_205-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_205-1
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