Abstract
The Hohokam culture, one of the major pre-Columbian cultural groups in the American Southwest, is well known for their extensive irrigation systems, the largest in the New World. Choreographing the movement of people and scheduling the cleaning and repair of their canals during low water periods, as well as harvesting their bountiful crops during two growing seasons, would have required a calendar system that reflected the natural cycles of the Sonoran Desert. In addition, orienting their ritual architecture and public spaces such as ball courts, platform mounds, and plazas according to the cardinal directions would have required knowledge of the sun’s daily and annual movement through the sky. This chapter describes archaeological evidence at Hohokam sites for marking of the sun’s cycles, especially during the solstices and equinoxes, with rock art and adobe architecture. Several locations are identified in the Phoenix region of Arizona, including mountains and prominent rock formations, where the solstices and equinoxes could be tracked through horizon alignments during sunrise and sunset and by light-and-shadow patterns during midday on those solar events. Several Hohokam villages also are described where ritual space was oriented according to basic cardinal directions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Bahr D, Smith J, Allison WS, Hayden JD (1994) The short swift time of gods on earth: the Hohokam chronicles. University of California Press, Berkeley
Bohrer VL (1994) Maize in middle American and southwestern United States agricultural traditions. In: Johannessen S, Hastorf SA (eds) Corn and culture in the prehistoric new world. West View Press, Boulder, pp 459–512
Bostwick TW (2010) Exploring the frontiers of Hohokam astronomy: tracking seasons and orienting ritual space in the Sonoran desert. Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of Astronomy in Culture 23:165–189
Bostwick TW, Krocek P (2003) Landscape of the spirits: Hohokam rock art at south mountain park. University of Arizona Press, Tucson
Bostwick TW, Plum S (2005) The Shaw Butte hilltop site: a prehistoric Hohokam observatory. In: Fountain JW, Sinclair RM (eds) Current studies in archaeoastronomy: conversations across space and time. Carolina Academic Press, Durham, pp 151–160
Ellis FH (1975) A thousand years of the Sun-Moon-Star calendar. In: Aveni AF (ed) Archaestronomy in pre-Columbian America. University of Texas Press, Austin, pp 59–87
Fewkes JW (1912) Casa Grande, Arizona. In: 28th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1906–1907. Washington, DC, pp 25–179
Gregory DA (1987) The morphology of platform mounds and the structure of classic period Hohokam sites. In: Doyel DE (ed) The Hohokam village. Southwestern and Rock Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs, pp 183–210
Howard JB (1995) Preserving temples of clay: a stabilization plan for the Mesa Grande. Mesa Southwest Museum, Mesa
Johnson B (1995) A unique expression of the Venus star symbol among the petroglyphs of the lower Colorado river. In: Brown N (ed) Utah Rock Art 10. Utah Rock Art Research Association, Salt Lake City, pp 33–57
Masse WB, Espenak F (2006) Sky as environment: solar eclipses and Hohokam culture change. In: Doyel DE, Dean JS (eds) Environmental change and human adaptation in the ancient American southwest. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp 228–280
Mixon B, White RE (1991) Skywatchers of the Salt River Valley Hohokam. Astronomy Quarterly 8:245–259
Molloy J (1969) The Casa Grande archaeological zone: pre-Columbian astronomical observation. Ms, Western Archeological Center, National Park Service, Tucson
Norton OR (1987) Early Indian Sun-watching sites are real. American West: People and Places (August)
Preston R, Preston A (1987) Evidence for calendric function at 19 prehistoric petroglyph sites in Arizona. In: Carlson J, Judge WJ (eds) Astronomy and ceremony in the prehistoric southwest, Maxwell Museum Anthropological Papers 2, Albuquerque, pp 191–203
Russell F (1980) The Pima Indians. University of Arizona Press, Tucson (Re-edition with Introduction, Citation Sources, and Bibliography by Bernard L. Fontana)
Shapiro JS (1999) New light on old adobe: a space syntax analysis of the Casa Grande. Kiva 64(4):419–445
Underhill RM (1946) Papago Indian religion. Columbia University Press, New York
Wallace HD, Heidke JM, Doelle WH (1995) Hohokam origins. Kiva 60(4):575–618
Wilcox DR, McGuire TR, Sternberg C (1981) Snaketown revisited. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 160. University of Arizona, Tucson
Wilcox DR (1987) The evolution of Hohokam ceremonial systems. In: Carlson JB, Judge WJ (eds) Astronomy and ceremony in the prehistoric Southwest. Maxwell museum of anthropological papers no. 2, Albuquerque, pp 149–168
Wilcox DR, Sternberg C (1981) Additional studies of the architecture of the Casa Grande and its interpretation. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series 146. University of Arizona, Tucson
Young MJ (1992) Morning star, evening star: Zuni traditional stories. In: Williamson RA, Farrer CR (eds) Earth and Sky: visions of the cosmos in native American folklore. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp 73–100
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this entry
Cite this entry
Bostwick, T.W. (2015). Hohokam Archaeoastronomy. In: Ruggles, C. (eds) Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_43
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_43
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6140-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6141-8
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics