Contemporary professional pastoral counseling and psychotherapy is deeply anchored in supervised clinical practice. Pioneers of the early twentieth century pastoral counseling movement saw great potential in psychoanalysis and psychology for a clinical ministry to troubled souls. These leaders used psychological and psychoanalytic supervision methods to expand their work, integrate psychology with theology in ministry, and develop theory and skills to train new generations of ministers proficient in psychologically informed pastoral care and counseling. This supervisory tradition shaped clinical pastoral education and professional pastoral counseling.
Prior to the nineteenth century, western Christian pastoral counseling focused on direct moral instruction informed by church tradition and the moral theology of the age (Clebsch and Jaekle 1967). New ministers learned how to provide moral instruction as part of their general preparation for ministry. Historian Brooks Holifield (1983)...
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Townsend, L. (2014). Supervision in Pastoral Counseling. In: Leeming, D.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_9292
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