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Green Infrastructure and Climate Change

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Abbreviations

Adaptation (with respect to climate change):

The adjusting of systems, natural or human, in response to actual or expected impacts of climate change, such as sea level rise, to reduce vulnerability or increase resilience in response to observed or expected changes in climate and associated extreme events [1, p. 869]. A distinction has been made between planned adaptation (e.g., urban planning), which is the focus of this chapter, and autonomous adaptation (e.g., by individual action such as improving housing insulation, installing air-conditioning, etc.) [2].

Ecosystem services:

Are “the benefits people obtain from ecosystems” [3]. “These include provisioning services such as food, water, timber, and fiber; regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, wastes, and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits; and supporting services such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling” (3, Preface: V). In urban areas, ecosystem services are clearly related to land use and land cover. Therefore, spatial planning and regulations that influence the spatial pattern and intensity of land use, and in particular the provision and quality of green spaces, can have huge implications for the ecology of cities [4, 5].

Evapotranspiration:

The sum of evaporation of water from surfaces and the transpiration of water by plants and animals. According to US Geological Survey [6], transpiration from plants accounts for approximately 10% of air moisture. A large oak has been estimated to transpire up to 151,000 l water per year. This would account for more than 400 l/day. More modest figures are given by other sources, for example, 200 l per day for a single, fully grown beech [7]. However, generally, these figures need to be considered with great caution as they are based on rough estimates and will greatly vary between trees depending on stand and site conditions, tree condition, as well as climatic conditions.

Green infrastructure:

The term “Green infrastructure” was first introduced in the USA at the end of the 1990s – it has been defined as an “interconnected network of protected land and water that supports native species, maintains natural ecological processes, sustains air and water resources and contributes to the health and quality of life for America’s communities and people” [8]. “Urban green infrastructure” is the network of green areas in cities. The term makes reference to other types of urban infrastructures (e.g., the road system). This interpretation of green infrastructure relates to a fine-scale urban application where hybrid infrastructures of green spaces and built systems are planned and designed to support multiple ecosystem services. It has been argued that planning of an urban green infrastructure should promote multifunctionality and connectivity of urban green space. It can integrate both public and private green space. It should be based on a long-term vision and a communicative and socially inclusive approach to its planning and management [9, 10].

Mitigation (with respect to climate change):

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing sinks.

Resilience:

Is the ability of a system to adapt and adjust to changing internal or external processes [11, 12]. Resilience is the flip side of vulnerability – a resilient system or population is not sensitive to climate variability and change and has the capacity to adapt [13].

Sustainable urban drainage systems:

Sequence of management practices utilizing urban green areas for storage, infiltration, evaporation, and conveyance of stormwater runoff.

Urban heat-island effect:

Significantly higher temperatures experienced in cities compared to the rural surroundings as a result of changed solar reflection in the built environment, less evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat from combustion engines, heating of buildings, and other use of energy.

Vulnerability (with respect to climate change):

Is the degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity [1, p. 883].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, Freising, Germany

    Stephan Pauleit

  2. Forest and Landscape Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

    Ole Fryd (Faculty of Life Sciences), Antje Backhaus (Faculty of Life Sciences) & Marina Bergen Jensen (Faculty of Life Sciences)

Authors
  1. Stephan Pauleit
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  2. Ole Fryd
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  3. Antje Backhaus
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  4. Marina Bergen Jensen
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Correspondence to Stephan Pauleit .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Vivian Loftness

  2. Department of Geography Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Dagmar Haase

  3. Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

    Dagmar Haase

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Pauleit, S., Fryd, O., Backhaus, A., Jensen, M.B. (2013). Green Infrastructure and Climate Change . In: Loftness, V., Haase, D. (eds) Sustainable Built Environments. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5828-9_212

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