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Abbreviations
- Brightness contrast/glare:
-
Risks of glare in daylighting
-
Direct glare: sun is in user’s immediate field of vision
-
Background glare: brightness contrast between monitor and monitor background
-
Reflected glare: mirroring effect on monitor surface
-
- Daylight autonomy:
-
Daylight autonomy of a workplace is the percentage of normal working time without the requirement of electric lighting – i.e., the time in which the target illuminance can be maintained by daylight alone. This varies depending on the minimum illuminance required and is determined using daylight coefficient.
- Direct/diffuse light:
-
Diffuse light illuminates a room or area contrast or shadow reduced. It is usually caused by extensive light sources like the overcast sky (5,000–20,000 cd/m2). In contrast the clear sky has a luminance of up to 50,000 cd/m2 which is caused by the high illuminance of the direct sun (100,000 lx).
- Efficiency of daylight:
-
Depending on the type of building, 20–40% of its total energy requirement is used merely for electric lighting, primarily during the day. Using optimized daylight redirection systems, electric lighting demands can be reduced to less than 10% of total energy loads.
- Heat gain from daylight versus electric light:
-
Outside, daylight produces up to 120 lm/W of energy. Inside – behind glass with controlled solar heat gain coefficients (SHGC) – daylight offers even greater 240 lm/W. Fluorescent luminaires, on the other hand, can only achieve approximately 70 lm/W, requiring much higher energy use per unit of lighting provided. As a result, the heat gain in buildings using daylight is less than 1/3 of the heat generated by electric lighting, a gain taken into account in the energy balance of a building through the SHGC value.
- Illuminance (lux/lumen/candela):
-
Basic terms of lighting technology are:
-
Illuminance E [lx]. The total luminous flux incident on a surface per illuminated surface area
-
Luminous flux Φ [lm]. The radiated power emitted by a light source or the radiated power incidence on a surface
-
Luminous intensity I [cd]. The directional luminous flux of a light source
-
- Light distribution curves (LDC):
-
Light distribution curves of daylight systems indicate the direction and the intensity of the light distribution. Given the sun’s changing angles of incidence outside, factors to be considered in mapping the light distribution inside include light redirection elements and the potential for adjusted tilt angles to ensure freedom from glare.
- Quality assurance for daylight control:
-
Quality assurance must ensure the simultaneity of three criteria:
-
Reduction of solar irradiation in summer (Fc value) for passive cooling balanced by solar gain in winter
-
Sufficient daylight supply on the task surfaces (daylight coefficient)/visual comfort
-
Sufficient visual transmission for quality views
Conventional louvers are generally closed to protect against glare and overheating. This not only hinders the view outside, but also prevents sufficient daylight from coming in. Design for daylight, including light redirecting louvers, ensures simultaneity of all three qualities.
-
- Reflectors – contoured prismatic, mirror and diffusing blinds:
-
Basic functions of mirror or prismatic light redirecting louvers include reflection of the light back to its source to protect against overheating (thermal comfort) and/or redirection of daylight into the space to improve the illumination in the room (visual comfort). Precise contours make it possible to calculate exactly the quantitative light distribution (both inside and outside) with reference to the louvers’ tilt angle and the altitude of the sun. Mono-reflective light control refers to the redirection of light inside and its deflection back outside in a single reflection in order to minimize its absorption by the blinds and any resulting heat development. Mono-reflective light control is required to prevent undirected reflection of the rays back and forth between louvers to prevent unplanned light scattering or absorption.
- Shading for passive cooling balanced by passive solar heating:
-
Shading is a critical protective function against overheating to avoid active cooling, achieved exclusively through reflection of solar irradiation. At the same time, “passive solar heating” relies on solar transparency to achieve high levels of solar gain to reduce mechanical heating requirements. To avoid the risk of overheating in summer, it is critical to provide seasonally or daily dynamic devices that balance light and heat gain.
- Total solar energy transmission (g/SHGC):
-
Total solar energy transmission through the glazed area (g-value, SHGC) defines the heat load resulting from solar irradiation, light transmission, and secondary heat radiation (g = τverg + qi). Design decisions include the total energy transmission for the window assembly and its interior and exterior layers that form an overall system including sun and light control. The Fc value for the system indicates the percentage by which the total energy transmission through the glazing is reduced through redirection of the light: Fc = gtot/gglazing.
Bibliography
Primary Literature
2008: Verordnung über Arbeitsstätten (Arbeitsstättenverordnung – ArbStättV), BGBl. I S. 2768
Arasteh D, Johnson R, Selkowitz S (1986) Definition and use of a daylight “Coolness” Index. In: International Daylighting Conference, Long Beach, 5–7 Nov 1986
ASR 7/1 Sichtverbindung nach außen; ASR 7/3 Künstliche Beleuchtung; ASR 7/4 Sicherheitsbeleuchtung
Cakir A, Cakir G (1994) Lixht und Gesundheit. Eine Untersuchung zum Stand der Beleuchtungstechnik in deutschen Büros. ERGONOMIC Institut für Arbeits- und Sozialforschung Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin
Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach (2010) URL: http://www.dwd.de (Stand 09.04.2010). Accessed 9 Dec 2011
DIN 4108–2: Wärmeschutz und Energie-Einsparung in Gebäuden. Teil 2: Mindestanforderungen an den Wärmeschutz. Ausgabe: Juli 2003 DIN EN 13363: Sonnenschutzeinrichtungen in Kombination mit Verglasungen – Berechnung der Solarstrahlung und des Lichttransmissionsgrades. Ausgabe September 2007
DIN EN 13363–1: 2003 + A1:2007 (2003/2005/2007) Solar protection devices combined with glazing – Calculation of solar and light transmittance – Part 1: Simplified method. DIN EN 13363–2:2005 Solar protection devices combined with glazing – Calculation of total energy transmittance and light transmittance – Part 2: Detailed calculation method
Energy Policy Division of the Washington State Energy Office (Hg.): Washington State Energy Use Profile, Commercial Sector. URL: http://www.commerce.wa.gov/energy/archive/FILES/PRFL/docs/aboutweb.htm (Stand: 09.04.2010). Accessed 9 Dec 2011
Franke H (ed) (2007) Handbuch für Beleuchtung. Ecomed, Landsberg
Further daylight publications
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. Hartkopf V (2009) Transnational endowment for sustainable built environments (TESBE). In: Green Building Conference, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 9 Nov 2009
Prof. Dr. Kaase, Heinrich: Ga-Nr.: HK-KÖ2-01 (2001) Gutachten über die Bestimmung der lichttechnischen und strahlungsphysikalischen Kennzahlen von zwei Retro-Lamellen als Innenjalousie. Institut für Elektronik und Lichttechnik der Technischen Universität Berlin
Klammt S, Müller H, Neyer A (2009) Advanced daylighting using micro-structured components. TU Dortmund. In: Proceedings of PLDC, Berlin, 27–31 Oct 2009
Köster H (2004) Tageslichtdynamische Architektur – Grundlagen, Systeme, Projekte, 1st edn. Birkhäuser, Basel (published in German, English, Chinese and Czech)
Patents: see Appendix
Dr. Pfafferrott J, Kalz D (2007) Thermoaktive Bauteilsysteme, FIZ Karlsruhe GmbH (Hg.). URL: http://www.bine.info/fileadmin/content/Publikationen/Themen-Infos/I_2007/themen0107internetx.pdf. Accessed 6 Dec 2011
Richtlinien VDI (2002) VDI 6011 Blatt 1: Optimierung von Tageslichtnutzung und künstlicher Beleuchtung – Grundlagen. Beuth, Berlin
Ruhstorfer W Computergrafik und Bildverarbeitung (1997) URL: http://www.uni-regensburg.de/EDV/Misc/CompGrafik/Script_5.html. Accessed 9 Dec 2011
Saint Gobain Glass, Memento (2005)
Twarowski M (1962) Sonne und Architektur. Georg D. W Callway, München
Umweltbundesamt. Daten zur Umwelt (2011) URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt-daten-zur-umwelt.de/umweltdaten/public/theme.do?nodeIdent=3437 [Stand: 09.04.2010]. Accessed 9 Dec 2011
SOLARTRAN Pty Ltd. URL: http://www.solartran.com.au/lasercutpanel.htm. Accessed 9 Dec 2011
World Data Center for Meteorology, Asheville. URL: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/wdc/index.php?name=climateoftheworld. Accessed 9 Dec 2011
Books and Reviews
Goldmann M (2010) Gelenkte Lichtblicke, Deutsches Architektenblatt, Ausgabe Hessen/Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland 06/10, S.38–S.40
Köster H (2010) Energiesparressource Tageslicht, Lichtlenkung. industrieBAU 56(2):S.36–S.41
Köster H (2010) Energiesparressource tageslichtlenkende Fassaden. In: Innovative Fassadentechnik, A 61029. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, S.51–S.56
Köster H (2010) So sind Sie Ihrer Konkurrenz einen Schritt voraus, Diese Tipps von Köster Lichtplanung machen Sie zum Tageslichtexperten. Sicht + Sonnenschutz 9:S.16–S.19
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Appendix A. Daylight redirection-systems patents [excerpt]: Dr-Ing. Helmut Köster
Appendix A. Daylight redirection-systems patents [excerpt]: Dr-Ing. Helmut Köster
EP 0793 761 | Stepped Lamella for guiding Light Radiation |
DE P 69514 005.1-08 | Stepped Lamella for guiding Light Radiation |
CH EP 0 793 761 | Stepped Lamella for guiding Light Radiation |
IT (EP) 0 793 761 | Stepped Lamella for guiding Light Radiation |
Fr (EP) 0 793 761 | Stepped Lamella for guiding Light Radiation |
GB EP 0 793 761 | Stepped Lamella for guiding Light Radiation |
NL (EP) 0 793 761 | Lamelles en Gradins Destinees au Guidage de Rayonnement Lumineux |
AT EP E 187 800 | Stepped Lamella for guiding Light Radiation |
AU P 704 884 | Stepped Lamella for guiding Light Radiation |
CA P 2 205 560 | Stepped Lamella for guiding Light Radiation |
US 6,240,999 | Stepped Lamella for guiding Light Radiation |
EP 0461 137 B1 | Lichtlenksystem für die Beleuchtung eines Innenraumes |
DE P 590 09 101.8-08 | Lichtlenksystem |
US P 5 293 305 | Light Guidance systems for the illumination of an interior area |
USA 6,367,937 | Sun Protection Installation..... |
AT 411613 | Sonnenschutzanlage mit Sonnenschutzlamellen....... |
CH 694,947 | Sonnenschutzanlage mit Sonnenschutzlamellen....... |
NL 1010766 | Zonwering met zonweringlamellen..... |
GB 2332229 | Sun Protection Installation..... |
FR 9815482 | Sun Protection Installation..... |
IT - 1303650 | Impianto di Protezione contra.... |
CA 2,255,302 | Sun Protection Installation..... |
AU 756628 | Sun Protection Installation..... |
AU 643429 | Light deflecting system..... |
DE 100 2006 006 855.6 | Bewegliche Fixierung leiterartiger Bauelemente |
DE 10 2005 028 6550 | Medienfassade |
DE 102 60 711 | Blendfreie Jalousien |
DE 100 18 451 | Herstellung von linearen, prismatischen Strukturen auf einem lamellenartigen Festkörper |
DE 198 28 543 | Sonnenschutzanlage für Sonnenschutzlamellen, die eine gezahnte Oberseite aufweisen |
DE 196 36 817 | Sonnenschutzanlage mit Sonnen- schutzlamellen, die eine gezahnte Oberseite aufweisen |
DE 44 42 870 | Jalousielamelle zur präzisen Steuerung der direkten Sonneneinstrahlung |
DE 000 331 483 -0001 | Oberfläche für Jalousielamellem _ Oberfläche mirkostrukturiert, gezahnt |
M9502488.3 | Jalousie zur Tageslichtumlenkung |
000 334 483 Alicante | selbst gefertigtes Lamellenprofil Retroflex |
DE 401 04 706.7 | Fassadenpfostenausbildung vorzugsweise für Glasfassaden mit und ohne Leuchte |
DE 401 06 175.2 | Lichtlenkdecken (1 Muster) |
DE 401 09 455.3 | Asymetrisch strahlendes Leuchtenmodul |
DE 401 10 472.9 | Oberlichtleuchte von Trennwänden |
DE 402 02 313.7 | Leuchten |
DE 402 02 431.1 | Trennwandleuchte II |
DE 402 03 978 | Lichtlenkjalousien bzw. Lichtlenkvorrichtung |
DE 402 10 688 | Jalousiebehang |
DE 403 04 242 | Lamellenvorhänge |
DE 404 04 133.7 | Lamellenvorhänge |
M 9502488.3 | Jalousie zur Tageslichtumlenkung |
DM/052988 (15) | Blinds for reflecting sun and diffuse daylight as well as artificial light (2 x Retroluxtherm) |
EP 00951306.0erteilt als EP 1212508 | gezahnte Tageslichtlamelle |
PCT/EP00/05929Intern. Application No. | gezahnte Tageslichtlamelle, toothed daylight blinds |
CA 2,377,711 | Toothed Daylight Blinds |
USA 6,845,805 | Toothed Daylight Blinds |
AU 758 794 | Toothed Daylight Blinds |
EP 2006 005909 | Medienfassade |
PCT/EP2006/005909International Application No. | Medienfassade, s. auch, EP Anmeldenummer 06015154.5 |
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Köster, H. (2013). Daylighting Controls , Performance and Global Impacts. In: Loftness, V., Haase, D. (eds) Sustainable Built Environments. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5828-9_198
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