Overview
Community supervision involves the monitoring of offenders living in the community, either following an institutional sentence or in lieu of incarceration. Historically offenders have been supervised via monitoring of “conditions” they must meet (i.e., obtaining or maintaining employment, reporting any changes in address/employment, abstaining from drugs and/or alcohol) and perhaps referral to community agencies for substance abuse treatment or other types of treatment. Research into the effectiveness of these strategies has been limited but for the most part suggests little to no impact on recidivism rates. At the same time, emerging research has suggested a new model of supervision (Risk-Need-Responsivity), which focuses on risk of recidivism, offender needs directly related to recidivism, and individual offender issues. Importantly, part of the changing focus has been on the specific officer-offender interaction and how officers might incorporate cognitive-behavioral and...
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Alexander, M., Lowenkamp, C.T., Robinson, C. (2014). Probation and Parole Practices. In: Bruinsma, G., Weisburd, D. (eds) Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_25
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