Drug courts are the oldest, most prolific, and most studied of the major alternative court models, which also include domestic violence, mental health, community, and reentry courts. Similar to these other models, drug courts organize their cases on a separate court calendar, presided over by a specially trained judge. What distinguishes drug courts is their focus on cases involving an underlying drug addiction. To treat the addiction, drug courts employ a combination of treatment and judicial oversight, generally for 1 year or longer. Judicial oversight generally involves regular drug testing, meetings with court-affiliated case managers, and status hearings before the judge. At these hearings, the judge and participant directly converse, while the attorneys often remain silent. The judge typically responds to progress with verbal praise or tangible incentives (e.g., certificates, journals, or gift cards) and to noncompliance with interim sanctions (e.g., more frequent status...