Introduction
Kirkpatrick (1967) noted four levels of evaluation of training:
Level 1: Reaction. How well did the participants like the program?
Level 2: Learning. What principles, facts, and techniques were learned?
Level 3: Behavior. What changes in job behavior resulted from the program?
Level 4: Results. What were the tangible results of the program in terms of reduced cost, improved quality, improved quantity, etc.?
Impact research focused on creative thinking and creative problem solving (CPS) programs details levels two and three, plus less common level four, evaluation (Firestien 1990; Firestien and McCowan 1988; Keller-Mathers 1990; Miller 1992; Neilson 1990; Puccio et al. 2006; Reid 1997; Vehar 1994; Vehar et al. 2000). In addition to published research, there are unpublished proprietary impact studies for companies ranging from large publishing companies to large consulting firms.
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Miller, B., Vehar, J., Firestien, R., Eckert, R.P. (2013). Creative Thinking Training. In: Carayannis, E.G. (eds) Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3858-8_11
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