Abstract
The future of brain research lies in the development of new technologies that will allow to advance our understanding of how this complex organ processes, integrates, and transfers information. Some of these new technologies can interact with the brain by recording the inter-neuron communications, decoding these communications, stimulating brain areas, or retroactively taking actions based on the communications analysis. A new paradigm that holds promise for the development of complex brain machine interface, draws from a parallel utilization of brain stimulation, electrophysiology, and neural data analysis. These complementary approaches can be used to close the loop between the neuron signalisation and some biological or mechanical means, through the utilization of smart implantable sensors and actuators. Among several future applications in medicine, this approach is envisioned to allow artificial neural connections for bypassing a deficient neural circuit, induce plasticity, prevent seizures, and control artificial or biological body limb.
This chapter covers the techniques and circuits commonly used to design closed-loop/bidirectional neuroprosthetic systems. Among others, it discusses circuits for the whole neural signal acquisition chain, from the neuron to the bioamplifier and the analog-to-digital converter. This discussion is followed by the presentation of neuro electrical and optical stimulation circuits for optogenetic stimulation. The loop between the neural acquisition chain and the stimulation circuits is closed with the presentation of closed-loop/bidirectional neuroprosthetic systems. Both systems with neural-input/physical-output and neural-input/neural-output are introduced, and digital techniques to decode the neural signal for issuing the proper stimulation feedback are discussed.
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Gagnon-Turcotte, G., Tsiakaka, O., Bilodeau, G., Gosselin, B. (2022). Closed-Loop/Bidirectional Neuroprosthetic Systems. In: Sawan, M. (eds) Handbook of Biochips. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3447-4_31
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3447-4_31
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