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Earth’s Crust and Upper Mantle, Dynamics of Solid–Liquid Systems in

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Extreme Environmental Events

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Article Outline

Glossary

Definition of the Subject

Introduction

General Theoretical Framework to Describe the Dynamics of Solid–Liquid Composite Systems

Overview of Applications

Elastic Wave Propagation in a Solid–Liquid Composite System

Future Directions

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

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Abbreviations

Partially molten rock:

The partially molten state is a thermodynamic state between solidus and liquidus temperatures, where both solid and liquid phases co‐exist. In the Earth's interior, partial melting of rocks occurs in the upper mantle and/or crust beneath volcanic areas.

Melt:

Liquid phase in partially molten rocks or completely molten rock above the liquidus temperature is called melt. Density of melt is about 10% lower than solid. Hence, melt phase in the partially molten rocks tend to ascend toward the Earth's surface.

Aqueous fluid:

H2O‐rich fluid. In a subducting oceanic plate, at the depths of several tens of km, aqueous fluids are released by the dehydration of hydrated minerals. Aqueous fluids, having much lower density and viscosity than melts, tend to ascend due to the buoyancy force.

Seismic tomographic image:

A number of seismometer networks have been placed on the surface of the Earth to record the seismic wave propagation from seismic sources at depths to the surface. Using the traveltime data obtained from these observations, three‐dimensional seismic velocity structures in the Earth can be obtained, with a process called seismic tomographic imaging. By using P and S wave traveltimes, \({V_\mathrm{P}}\) and \({V_\mathrm{S}}\) structures, respectively, can be obtained.

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Acknowledgments

The original and more simplified form of this article was published in Japanese [43]. I especially thank Tokyo Geographical Society, for the permission to use a modified version of figures and limited text. I thank S. Nagumo for helpful discussions. I also thank B. K. Holtzman and B. Chouet for reading the manuscript and providing helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Yasuko Takei

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  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, 122 Escalle Lane, Larkspur, CA, 94939, USA

    Robert A. Meyers Ph. D. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

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Takei, Y. (2011). Earth’s Crust and Upper Mantle, Dynamics of Solid–Liquid Systems in. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Extreme Environmental Events. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7695-6_27

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