Introduction
The pH value of a solution is a measure of the activity of hydronium ions (H 3 O + ⇌ H + + H 2 O) in the solution and as such it is a measure of the acidity or basicity of that medium. On the one hand pH stands for power of hydrogen (H); on the other hand, the term pH is derived from p, the mathematical symbol of the negative logarithm. The pH value is often simply referred to as concentration of hydrogen ions. Acids and bases are connected with free hydronium and hydroxyl ions, respectively. The relationship between hydronium and hydroxyl ions in a given solution is constant for a given set of conditions and one can be determined by knowing the other. The usual range of pH values encountered is between 0 and 14, with 0 being the value for concentrated acids, 7 being the value for pure water, and 14 being the value for concentrated lyes. It is possible to get pH values <0 (e.g., 10 M HCl) and >14 (e.g., 10 M NaOH). In Fig. 1examples of pH values of a selection of...
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Vonau, W. (2014). pH Electrodes - Industrial, Medical, and Other Applications. In: Kreysa, G., Ota, Ki., Savinell, R.F. (eds) Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_229
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