“Title IX” is the common term used to refer to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (2010). Title IX is a United States federal law requiring that “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance…” (Id.). In its broad prohibition against sex discrimination in the provision of educational programs, the statute applies to an entire institution or school as long as any part of it receives federal funding. Given the heavy reliance on federal funds to operate schools, the statute has a very broad and powerful reach. It even reaches school activities that receive little federal funding, like school sports. That reach has been quite controversial and even unexpected given that the statute originally was meant to address employment practices of federally financed institutions. Title IX expanded its...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson-Butcher, D., Newsome, W. S., & Ferrari, T. M. (2003). Participation in boys and girls clubs and relationships to youth outcomes. Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 39–55.
Eckes, S. E. (2006). Title IX and high school opportunities: Issues of equity on and in the Court. Wisconsin Women’s Law Journal, 21, 175–194.
Education Amendments of 1972. (2010). Title IX. 20 U.S.C. § 1681.
Johnson, T. J. (1998). Throwing like a girl: Constitutional implications of Title IX regarding gender discrimination in high school athletic programs. Northern Illinois University Law Review, 18, 575–600.
Little, J. (2008). Running against the wind: Sex discrimination in high school girl’s cross country. UMKC Law Review, 76, 711–725.
Office for Civil Rights. (2005). Additional clarification of intercollegiate athletics policy: Three-part test – part three. United States Department of Education. http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/title9guidanceadditional.pdf. Accessed 11 Jan 2010.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this entry
Cite this entry
Levesque, R.J.R. (2011). Athletic Programs and Title IX. In: Levesque, R.J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_730
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_730
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1694-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1695-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science