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Independent Learning

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Synonyms

Autonomous learning; Self-directed learning; Self-regulated learning

Definition

Independent learning is a method or learning process where learners have ownership and control of their learning – they learn by their own actions and direct, regulate, and assess their own learning. The independent learner is able to set goals, make choices, and decisions about how to meet his learning needs, take responsibility for constructing and carrying out his own learning, monitor his progress toward achieving his learning goals, and self-assess the learning outcomes.

Theoretical Background

The concept of independent learning is associated with, or a part of other educational concepts and wider policy agendas, such as improving the educational experiences and outcomes for learners through student-centered learning approaches that personalize learning and enable the learner to take ownership of the learning process (Meyer et al. 2008). An understanding of how learners learn, both in terms...

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References

  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1–26.

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  • Bruner, J. (1996). The culture of education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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  • Livingston, K., Soden, R., & Kirkwood, M. (2004). Post-16 pedagogy and thinking skills: An evaluation. London: Learning and Skills Research Centre.

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  • Meyer, B., Haywood, N., Sachdev, D., & Faraday, S. (2008) Independent Learning: Literature Review (Research Rep. No. DCSF-RR051). London: Learning and Skills Network.

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  • Pintrich, P. R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 451–502). San Diego: Academic.

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  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into Practice, 41(2), 64–72.

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Correspondence to Kay Livingston .

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© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

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Livingston, K. (2012). Independent Learning. In: Seel, N.M. (eds) Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_895

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_895

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1427-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1428-6

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