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In general, a schema can be defined as an abstraction of a concept that is induced from past experiences and guides the organization and appraisal of incoming information.
Maladaptive schemas are enduring, rigid, exaggerated, and often, at least partially, preconscious beliefs regarding the self and relationships with others causing psychological distress and interpersonal problems.
According to the American Psychiatric Association (2000), a personality disorder can be described as a stable, pervasive, and inflexible pattern of inner experience and behavior, emerging in adolescence or early adulthood, deviating markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, and leading to distress or impairment. Ten specific personality disorders are distinguished: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
Cognitive therapy is an...
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References
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., Davis, D. D., & Associates. (2004). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Nordahl, H. M., Holthe, H., & Haugum, J. A. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas in patients with or without personality disorders: Does schema modification predict symptomatic relief? Clinical Psychology andPsychotherapy, 12, 142–149.
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford.
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Nordahl, H.M., Thimm, J.C. (2012). Maladaptive Schemas in Patients with or Without Personality Disorders. In: Seel, N.M. (eds) Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_784
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