Formative Assessment and Improving Learning

Synonyms

Assessment for learning; Continuous assessment; Formative assessment

Definition

Formative assessment refers to the frequent assessment of student progress to identify learning needs and shape teaching (OECD 2005). Formative assessment is sometimes referred to as assessment for learning, while summative assessment – that is, tests and examinations that are intended to provide summary statements of student performance – may be referred to as assessment of learning.

Theoretical Background

Scriven (1967) first proposed the distinction between formative and summative approaches in reference to evaluations of curriculum and teaching methods. He suggested that data gathered at different stages in the process of development and implementation could be used for successive adaptations and adjustments. Soon after, Bloom (1968) applied the concept to his new model of “mastery learning,” proposing that classroom instruction should be broken down into successive phases. Students were to be...