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Solar Radiation Spectrum

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Abbreviations

Air mass:

In meteorology, the air mass characterizes the transport of a large system away from where it originates (e.g., continental air mass, tropical air mass). In radiative transfer, the air mass (or, more accurately, “optical air mass”) is the idealized dimensionless optical pathlength of the solar photons from the limit of the atmosphere to a specific point at the surface, relative to the pathlength corresponding to the vertical of that same point. An air mass of 1 corresponds to an overhead sun, and an air mass of about 38 to a rising or setting sun. By extension, “air mass zero” refers to conditions just outside the limit of the atmosphere. See also “Optical mass.”

Albedo:

Overall dimensionless reflectance property of a surface, varying from 0 (perfectly black, nonreflecting surface) to 1 (perfectly white, totally reflecting surface).

Geographic information system (GIS):

A computerized system that is used to analyze various layers of data that are linked to geographical locations, by merging cartography and database technology.

Global positioning system (GPS):

A global navigation satellite system providing accurate location and time information at any location with an unobstructed line of sight to at least four dedicated satellites. Special GPS antennae can be used to derive information on the water vapor content of the atmosphere by measuring the propagation delay of the GPS signal.

Irradiance:

Radiant power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area of a surface on which it is incident. It is equivalent to the radiance of the electromagnetic source integrated over all angles. Spectral irradiance is usually measured in W m−2 nm−1.

Langley plot:

Method of extrapolation of ground-based spectral measurements (with sunphotometers, in particular) to obtain the corresponding extraterrestrial value at the same wavelength. This was developed by Samuel P. Langley, based on the Bouguer–Lambert–Beer law, and is now commonly used to derive the absolute calibration of an instrument. To be valid, the atmospheric transmission must remain constant during the experiment, which is carried out throughout a very clear day or half-day.

Longwave:

Relates to wavelengths longer than about 4 μm, corresponding to the infrared (or thermal) part of the spectrum, which can be of solar or terrestrial origin.

Luminous efficacy:

Characteristic illuminance (total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area) created by the sun (or an artificial lamp), relative to the power radiated by the sun (or the electric power used by the lamp). Its unit is the lumen per watt.

Mie scattering:

Refers to the theory developed by Gustav Mie to evaluate the electromagnetic extinction caused by particles whose size is larger than molecules, or even wavelength.

Monte Carlo code:

Radiative transfer computer program using the Monte Carlo method, which is a statistical-numerical method of solution of complex physical problems that relies on repeated random sampling. A large number of photons are virtually sent through the atmosphere and their disposition is recorded. This method can solve many complex problems, but is computationally intensive.

Optical depth:

A measure of transparency of an atmospheric layer, characterizing the fraction of radiation that is altered (scattered or absorbed) along its path through that layer.

Optical mass:

Idealized dimensionless optical pathlength of the solar photons from the limit of the atmosphere to a specific point at the surface, relative to the pathlength corresponding to the vertical of that same point. An optical mass of 1 corresponds to an overhead sun. An optical mass can be defined for each possible radiatively active constituent, and depends on the vertical profiles of its concentration and refractive index, combined with that of pressure and temperature. The optical mass corresponding to the scattering by air molecules (Rayleigh scattering) is the optical air mass, or simply air mass.

Photovoltaics:

Related to the property of photosensitive semiconductor materials (like silicon) to generate a photonic current (and thus electricity) when irradiated by a light source, such as solar radiation.

Precipitable water:

Depth of water inside a fictitious vertical atmospheric column, after all the water vapor originally contained in that column has condensed.

Radiance:

Radiometric quantity describing the amount of radiation that is emitted from a particular area (e.g., of the sky), within a given solid angle. Spectral radiance is usually measured in W m−2 nm−1 sr−1.

Radiative transfer:

Describes the energy transfer of electromagnetic radiation through absorbing, scattering, and emitting media.

Radiometry:

Scientific field that studies the measurement of electromagnetic radiation with instruments called radiometers.

Rayleigh scattering:

Extinction process for the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by small particles, such as air molecules. The cloudless sky is normally blue as a result of Rayleigh scattering.

Shadowband:

Small arm used to block the sun in front of a radiometer. It can be a fixed band to measure diffuse radiation only, or a motorized rotating band to measure diffuse and global radiation alternatively.

Shortwave:

Relates to wavelengths shorter than about 4 μm, corresponding to the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared parts of the solar spectrum.

Solar spectral irradiance (SSI):

Radiative power received from the sun at 1 AU at normal incidence on a surface of unit area (1 m2) at a specific wavelength.

Spectroradiometry:

A part of radiometry dedicated to the measurement of radiation quantities in narrow spectral bands, using instruments called spectroradiometers or spectrometers.

Stratosphere:

Upper region of the terrestrial atmosphere extending from about 18 to 50 km.

Sunphotometry:

A part of radiometry dedicated to the measurement of narrow spectral bands of the solar spectrum with an instrument pointing at the sun called sunphotometer.

Total solar irradiance (TSI):

Radiative power received from the sun at 1 AU at normal incidence on a surface of unit area (1 m2).

Troposphere:

Lowest portion of the Earth’s atmosphere, below about 18 km altitude, in which most of atmospheric extinction occurs.

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    Dr. Christian A. Gueymard

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Gueymard, C.A. (2012). Solar Radiation Spectrum . In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_445

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