Definition of the Subject
Green chemistry utilizes a set of 12 principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and applications of chemical products [1]. This newer chemical approach protects the environment by inventing safer and eco-friendly chemical processes that prevent pollution “at source” rather than cleaning up “end-of-the-pipe” by-products and pollutants generated by traditional synthesis. The diverse nature of our chemical universe promotes a need for various greener strategic pathways in our quest to attain sustainability. The synthetic chemical community has been under increased pressure to produce, in an environmentally benign fashion, the myriad of chemical entities required by society in relatively short spans of time. This is especially true for the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. Among others, one of the best options is to accelerate these synthetic processes by using microwave...
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Abbreviations
- Green chemistry:
-
Green chemistry is the broad discipline that encompasses the design of chemical processes and products that eliminate or reduce the generation and use of hazardous substances. It applies across the life cycle, including the design, manufacture, and use of a chemical product.
- Microwaves:
-
Microwaves (0.3–300 GHz) lie in the electromagnetic radiation spectrum between radiowave (Rf) and infrared (IR) frequencies with relatively large wavelengths and are a form of energy and not heat. This nonionizing radiation, incapable of breaking chemical bonds, is a form of energy that manifests itself as heat through interaction with the polar medium.
- Sustainability:
-
Literally meaning to “maintain,” “support,” or “endure” the concept of sustainability calls for policies and strategies that meet society’s present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
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Yoo K, Namboodiri VV, Varma RS, Smirniotis PG (2004) Ionic liquid-catalyzed alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene. J Catal 222:511–519
Namboodiri VV, Varma RS, Sahle-Demessie E, Pillai UR (2002) Selective oxidation of styrene to acetophenone in the presence of ionic liquids. Green Chem 4:170–173
Nadagouda MN, Hoag GE, Collins JB, Varma RS (2009) Green synthesis of Au nanostructures at room temperature using biodegradable plant surfactants. Cryst Growth Des 9:4979–4983
Nadagouda MN, Castle A, Murdock RC, Hussain SM, Varma RS (2010) In vitro biocompatibility of nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (nZVI) synthesized using tea polyphenols. Green Chem 12:114–122
Moulton MC, Braydich-Stolle LK, Nadagouda MN, Kunzelman S, Hussain SM, Varma RS (2010) Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility of “green” synthesized silver nanoparticles using tea polyphenols. Nanoscale 2:763–770
Hoag GE, Collins JB, Holcomb JL, Hoag JR, Nadagouda MN, Varma RS (2009) Degradation of bromothymol blue by ‘greener’ nano-scale zerovalent iron synthesized using tea polyphenols. J Mater Chem 19:8671–8677
Virkutyte J, Varma RS (2010) Fabrication and visible-light photocatalytic activity of novel Ag/TiO2−xNx photocatalyst. New J Chem 34:1094–1096
Virkutyte J, Baruwati B, Varma RS (2010) Visible light induced photobleaching of methylene blue over melamine doped TiO2 nanocatalyst. Nanoscale 2(7):1109–1111
Books and Reviews
Ahluwalia VK, Varma RS (2008) Alternative energy processes in chemical synthesis microwave, ultrasound and photo activation. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-7319-848-9
Ahluwalia VK, Varma RS (2009) Green solvents for organic synthesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-7319-964-6
Clark JH, Macquarrie D (2002) Handbook of green chemistry and technology. Blackwell Science, Oxford
Kappe CO, Stadler A (2005) Microwaves in organic and medicinal chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 410
Kappe CO, Dallinger D, Murphree SS (2009) Practical microwave synthesis for organic chemists – strategies, instruments, and protocols. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 296
Matlack AS (2001) Introduction to green chemistry. Marcel Deckers, New York
Nadagouda MN, Varma RS (2009) Risk reduction via greener synthesis of noble metal nanostructures and nanocomposites. In: Linkov I, Steevens J (eds) Nanomaterials: risks and benefits-proceedings of the NATO advanced workshop. Springer, Faro, pp 209–218
Polshettiwar V, Varma RS (2009) Environmentally benign chemical synthesis via mechanochemical mixing and microwave irradiation. In: Ballini R (ed) Eco-friendly synthesis of fine chemicals, RSC green chemistry book series. RSC, Cambridge, England, pp 275–292
Polshettiwar V, Varma RS (2009) Non-conventional energy sources for green synthesis in water (microwave, ultrasound, and photo). In: Li C-J, Anastas PT (eds) Handbook series, Handbook of green chemistry, Vol. 5: reactions in water. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. ISBN 978-3-527-31574-1
Polshettiwar V, Varma RS (eds) (2010) Aqueous microwave chemistry: synthesis and applications, vol 7, RSC green chemistry series. Royal Society Chemistry, Cambridge, UK
Strauss CR, Varma RS (2006) Microwaves in green and sustainable chemistry. In: Larhed M, Olofsson K (eds) Microwave methods in organic synthesis, vol 266, Series in topics in current chemistry. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 199–231
Varma RS (2000) Environmentally benign organic transformations using microwave irradiation under solvent-free conditions. In: Anastas PT, Tundo P (eds) Green chemistry: challenging perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 221–244
Varma RS (2000) Expeditious solvent-free organic syntheses using microwave irradiation. In: Anastas PT, Heine L, Williamson T (eds) Green chemical syntheses and processes, Chapter 23, vol 767, ACS symposium series. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 292–312
Varma RS (2001) Microwave organic synthesis. In: Geller E (ed) McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology 2002. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 223–225
Varma RS (2006) Microwave technology: chemical synthesis applications. In: Seidel A (ed) Kirk-Othmer on-line encyclopedia of chemical technology, vol 16, 5th edn. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 538–594
Varma RS, Ju Y (2005) Microwaves in organic synthesis. In: Afonso CAM, Crespo JG (eds) Solventless reactions (SLR), Chapter 2.2. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 53–87
Varma RS, Ju Y (2006) Organic synthesis using microwaves and supported reagents. In: Loupy A (ed) Microwaves in organic sSynthesis, Chapter 8, 2nd edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 362–415
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Varma, R.S. (2012). Green Chemistry with Microwave Energy . In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_238
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