The Russian Federation has long Arctic and Pacific coastlines and shorter sectors on the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas. The Arctic and Pacific coasts are influenced by the broad geological pattern, while the short sections of Baltic and Black Sea coast and the N W Caspian Coast are where the Great North European Lowland is intersected (Zenkovich 1967).
Baltic, Black Sea, and Caspian Coasts
The Russian East Baltic Coast borders the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland, with St Petersburg at its head. To the south is Kaliningrad , between Lithuania and Poland . These are low wave energy, almost tideless coasts beside a fresh water sea that freezes in winter.
The Russian Black Sea Coast includes part of the Sea of Azov, the Crimean Peninsula, and the western Caucasus. The Black Sea is almost tideless, but storms can generate strong wave action and occasional storm surges from the SW. The coastal outlines are much influenced by the pattern of geological outcrops. In the southern part...
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Reference
Zenkovich VP (1967) Processes of coastal development. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh
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(2010). Russian Federation – Editorial Introduction. In: Bird, E.C.F. (eds) Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8639-7_135
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