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Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions pp 1067–1072Cite as

Intelligences, Multiple

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Education; GoodWork project; Multiple intelligences; Spiritual intelligence

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Since the early twentieth century, conceptions about intelligence in the West have been shaped by the work of Alfred Binet and the “IQ test” that he developed in Paris. In an attempt to devise a metric that could predict student success in school, Binet and those who followed him designed questions that measured verbal memory and reasoning, numerical processing, and the capacity to understand logical sequences. While these tests were useful in predicting outcomes in environments that relied heavily on such processing, such as schools, they sharply restricted what could count as intelligence. Such a one-dimensional definition of intelligence, supported by psychometricians who consistently cited data culled from paper-and-pencil tests, has remained dominant in many Western nations as well as other countries influenced by Western educational and/or testing practices.

Yet debate over this...

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References

  • Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.

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  • Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed. New York: Basic Books.

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  • Gardner, H., Damon, W., & Czikszentmihalyi, M. (2001). Good work: When excellence and ethics meet. New York: Basic Books.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Seth Wax & Dr. Howard Gardner

  2. Associate Professor of Religious Studies, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY, 10471, USA

    Dr. Howard Gardner

Authors
  1. Seth Wax
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  2. Dr. Howard Gardner
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Systematic Theology, Faculty of Theology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Anne L. C. Runehov

  2. Pontificia Universita Antonianum, Roma, Italia

    Lluis Oviedo

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© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Wax, S., Gardner, H. (2013). Intelligences, Multiple. In: Runehov, A.L.C., Oviedo, L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_588

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_588

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8264-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8265-8

  • eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and Law

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