This is the most interesting, complex, and varied form of indigenous agroforestry. The fields can be either harmonic or disharmonic swiddens, accelerated swiddens (agrisilviculture or agroforestry rotations), irrigated or nonirrigated permanent fields, or combinations of these. But they are interspersed with groves of trees that may vary along a range from predominantly wild forest species that are consciously conserved to groves largely composed of domesticated tree species planted by people. These two components may alternate or be scattered in a highly productive mosaic across the landscape of a village, district, or watershed. There may also be a tendency over a long period for some fields to become groves, and some groves to become fields, with both components thus slowly migrating across the landscape, producing in effect a very long‐term agroforestry rotation. I was able to find four different types of field‐and‐grove systems in the literature available to me.
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Olofson, H. (2008). Agroforestry: Field‐and‐Grove Systems. In: Selin, H. (eds) Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9650
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