Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Introduction

Energy access, affordability and security, climate change and air pollutant emissions are among the major challenges for industry and governments considering the long-term sustainability of transportation and mobility systems. The global transportation sector energy consumption in 2018 was 120 quadrillion Btu, and is expected to increase by 77% from 2018 to 2050 (Energy Information Agency (EIA) Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) 2019). The corresponding global transportation sector GHG emission in 2018 was 8 Billion metric tons of CO₂-equivalent (CO_2e) (IEA). The US transportation sector consumed 25 quadrillion Btu of primary energy sources in 2020, representing 27% of United States’ total national energy consumption (EIA 2021). In 2020, petroleum supplied 91% of US transportation energy consumption and 20% of the US petroleum consumption was imported (EIA 2021). Currently, the transportation sector contributes to more than half of the US total NOx emission, which is the primary precursor...