Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Battery Technologies

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

  • 3377 Accesses

  • Originally published in
  • R. A. Meyers (ed.), Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, © Springer Science+Business Media LLC, 2012

Abstract

The demand for high performance and long life storage systems has lead to numerous research initiatives, aimed at the development of such systems. Developmental paths are aligned with the requirements of the applications of these systems. A detailed understanding of technical characteristics and cost considerations is provided in this paper for various battery chemistries: contemporary, vintage, and prospective. A clear understanding of battery characteristics is essential for guiding the selection of such batteries. Indeed, because of the critical functions fulfilled by batteries as well as the substantial costs of advanced batteries, a realistic appraisal of candidate battery performance and costs against requirements is key to judging the prospects of new applications such as EV, HEV, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). Although electric vehicles (EVs) have been around since before 1900 the limitations of the batteries to drive them have not enabled them to compete in the general consumer’s market with the internal combustion engine. Automotive parts are limited by space and weight. Therefore EVs and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) require a battery with high energy density. Specific energy is defined as the energy per kilogram of the battery while energy density is the energy per unit volume. Early designs (1990–1995) of lithium-ion batteries only had a specific energy of 0.2 kWh/kg. EVs also require a battery with high power output for large power draw, such as quick acceleration. The General Motors EV1 had a battery pack weighing almost 600 kg while the car weighed 1,350 kg. The battery would then account for more than 44% of the car’s weight. A marked improvement in energy cell density of batteries was required for practical EVs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AC:

Alternating current

AC:

Alternating current

AGM:

Absorbed glass mat

ALABC:

Advanced Lead–Acid Battery Consortium

BEV:

Battery electric vehicle

CF:

Capacity fading

DC:

Direct current

DST:

Dynamic stress test

EDLC:

Electrochemical double-layer capacitor

EOC:

End of charge

EPRI:

Electric Power Research Institute

ESR:

Equivalent series resistance

EV:

Electric vehicles

FCV:

Fuel cell vehicle

H2SO4:

Sulfuric acid

HEV:

Hybrid electric vehicle

HF:

Hydrofluoric acid

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

LiFePO4:

Lithium iron phosphate

Li-ion:

Lithium ion

LiMn2O4:

Lithium manganese oxide

LiPF6:

Lithium hexafluorophosphate

Mn:

Manganese

MnO2:

Manganese dioxide

MnNi5:

Manganese nickel

Ni:

Nickel

NiCd:

Nickel cadmium

Ni(OH)2:

Nickelic hydroxide

NiOOH:

Nickelous hydroxide

NiMH:

Nickel metal hydride

O&M:

Operation and maintenance

Pb:

Lead

PbA:

Lead acid

PbO2:

Lead oxide

PbSO4:

Lead sulfate

PFCV:

Plug-in fuel cell vehicle

PHEV:

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

RC:

Resistor–capacitor

SLA:

Sealed lead acid

SB:

Super capacitor bank

SOC:

State of charge

TR:

Thermal runaway

USABC:

United States Advanced Battery Consortium

VLA:

Vented lead acid

VRLA:

Valve-regulated lead acid

Bibliography

Primary Literature

  1. Hatziargyriou N et al (2000) Cigre technical brochure on modeling new forms of generation and storage. TF 38.01.10 Nov 2000

    Google Scholar 

  2. HEV sales by models (2010) Alternative fuels and advanced vehicles data center. Retrieved Sept 2010 from http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/data/vehicles.html

  3. Lithium-Ion Technology Status Report (2005) EPRI

    Google Scholar 

  4. Lead acid batteries Woodbank Communications Ltd (2005) Retrieved 20 Nov 2010 from http://www.mpoweruk.com/leadacid.htm

  5. Brodd RJ, Ozawa K, Yoshio M (2009) Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, materials, technology and new applications. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  6. Solar Energy Report (2005) Arizona Solar Center. Retrieved 12 Nov 2010

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kopera JJC (2005) Considerations for the utilization of NiMH battery technology in stationary applications. In: The Battcon 2005 proceedings, Albercorp, Florida

    Google Scholar 

  8. Duvall M (2004) Advanced batteries for electric-drive vehicles: a technology and cost-effectiveness assessment for battery electric vehicles, power assist hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Final report 1009299. EPRI, Palo Alto. Retrieved 30 Sept 2010

    Google Scholar 

  9. Gage TB (2000) Lead acid batteries: key to electric vehicle commercialization experience with design, manufacture, and use of EVs. In: Proceedings of the 5th annual battery conference on applications and advances, 11–14 Jan 2000, pp 217–222

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lead Acid Batteries Recharged. The economist. http://www.economist.com/node/12924031?story_id=12924031

  11. Ford Ranger EV Vehicle Specifications (1998) Electric transportation applications. http://avt.inel.gov/pdf/fsev/eva/ford_eva.pdf

  12. General Motors EV1 Vehicle Specifications. Electric transportation applications. Retrieved 8 Oct 2010 from http://avt.inel.gov/pdf/fsev/eva/genmot.pdf

  13. Taniguchi A, Fujioka N, Ikoma M, Ohta A (2001) Development of nickel/metal-hydride batteries for EVs and HEVs. J Power Sources 100(1–2):117–124, Elsevier Science

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Notten PHL, Van Beek JRG (2000) Nickel-metal hydride batteries: from concept to characteristics. Chem Ind 54(3):102–115, CEON/CEEs

    Google Scholar 

  15. Avicenne Conference, Nice 2008, M. A. Fetcenko/ECD

    Google Scholar 

  16. General Motors EV1 Vehicle Specifications with NiMH batteries. Electric transportation applications http://avt.inel.gov/pdf/fsev/eva/ev1_eva.pdf

  17. Schalkwijk WAV, Scrosati B (2002) Advances in lithium-ion batteries. Plenum, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  18. Davide A (2010) Battery management systems for large lithium battery packs. Artech House, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  19. General Outline for Advanced Battery Testing. USABC

    Google Scholar 

  20. Alexander M, Duvall M (2005) Batteries for electric drive vehicles – status 2005. EPRI

    Google Scholar 

  21. Huajun G, Qiyang H, Wenjie P, Xinhai L, Yong Y, Yunjian L (2009) Performance and capacity fading reason of LiMn2O4/graphite batteries after storing at high temperature. J Rare Metal 28(4):322–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Xia Y, Yoshio M, Zhou Y (1997) Capacity fading on cycling of 4 V Li/LiMnO cells. J Electrochem Soc 144:2593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Duvall M, Rogers A (2010) Plug-in fuel cell vehicle technology and value analysis. EPRI

    Google Scholar 

  24. Voelcker J (2007) Lithium batteries for hybrid cars. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved from http://spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/advanced-cars/lithium-batteries-for-hybrid-cars

  25. Barrade P (2003) Energy storage and applications with supercapacitors. Laboratoire d’Electronique Industrielle (LEI), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne

    Google Scholar 

  26. Faggioli E, Rena P, Danel V, Andrieu X, Mallant R, Kahlen H (1999) Supercapacitors for the energy management of electric vehicles. J Power Sources 84(2):261–269, Elsevier

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Halper MS, Ellenbogen JC (2006) Supercapacitors: a brief overview. MITRE, Nanosystems Group, Virginia

    Google Scholar 

  28. Yang Cheng-Fu (1996) Improvement of the sintering and dielectric characteristics of surface barrier layer capacitors by CuO addition. Jpn J Appl Phys 35:1806–1813

    Article  Google Scholar 

Books and Reviews

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Telecommunications, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

    Ramakrishnan Mahadevan

  2. Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

    Mohit Chhabra

  3. Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

    Puneet Pasrich & Frank Barnes

Authors
  1. Ramakrishnan Mahadevan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohit Chhabra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Puneet Pasrich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Frank Barnes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA

    Amgad Elgowainy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Mahadevan, R., Chhabra, M., Pasrich, P., Barnes, F. (2012). Battery Technologies. In: Elgowainy, A. (eds) Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1492-1_874

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation