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Neuroendocrinology of Sleep

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Abstract:

Sleep is a time of distinct activity in various endocrine systems. Two major methods of sleep research are the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and the assessment of sleep-related endocrine activity (e.g., by collection of hormone profiles). The combination of these methods in human subjects and in animal models helps to elucidate the interaction of sleep EEG and hormones in normal and pathological sleep. Such simultaneous investigations showed a bidirectional interaction between the electrophysiological and the neuroendocrine components of sleep. Certain hormones (neuropeptides and steroids) play a specific role in sleep regulation and some peptides (growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH], galanin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y) promote sleep, at least in males, whereas others (corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH], somatostatin) impair sleep. A reciprocal interaction of GHRH and CRH plays a keyrole in sleep regulation. GHRH promotes nonrapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS), at least in males and stimulates GH secretion, whereas CRH maintains wakefulness and enhances the secretion of ACTH and cortisol. Changes in the CRH:GHRH ratio in favor of CRH contribute to shallow sleep, elevated cortisol secretion, and blunted GH levels during depression and normal ageing. However, CRH-like effects of GHRH were found in women, as sleep is impaired, and ACTH and cortisol are elevated after this peptide. Besides peptides, steroids are involved in sleep regulation. Cortisol appears to promote rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS). This finding points to a REMS-promoting effect of cortisol. Similarly, GABAA receptors are targets of various neuroactive steroids, which exert specific effects on sleep. The changes of sleep EEG in women after menopause and the beneficial effect of estrogen replacement therapy suggest a role of estrogen in sleep regulation.

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Abbreviations

ACTH:

adrenocorticotropic hormone

CNS:

central nervous system

CRH:

corticotrophin-releasing hormone

DHEA:

dehydroepiandrosterone

DHEAS:

dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

EEG:

electroencephalogram

FSH:

follicle stimulating hormone

5-HT-3:

5-hydroxytryptamine type 3

GABA:

gamma-aminobutyric acid

CSF:

cerebrospinal fluid

GH:

growth hormone

GHRH:

growth hormone-releasing hormone

GHRP-6:

growth hormone-releasing peptide-6

GHS:

growth hormone secretagogue

GR:

glucorticoid receptor

HPA:

hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical

HPS:

hypothalamo-pituitary-somatotrophic

IGF-1:

insulin-like growth factor-1

iv:

intravenous

MR:

mineralocorticoid receptor

NREMS:

nonrapid-eye-movement sleep

NPS:

neuropeptide S

NPSR:

neuropeptide S receptor

NPY:

neuropeptide Y

OX-A:

orexin-A

OX-B:

orexin-B

PACAP:

pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide

PRA:

plasma renin activity

REM:

rapid-eye-movement

REMS:

rapid-eye-movement sleep

SWA:

slow wave activity

SWS:

slow wave sleep

THDOC:

deoxycorticosterone-3-alpha, 21-dihydroxy-5-alpha-pregnan-20-one

TRH:

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TSH:

thyroid stimulating hormone

VIP:

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

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Acknowledgment

Studies from the author's laboratory were supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Ste 486/1-2, 5-1, 5-2 and 5-3). I thank Dr. Mayumi Kimura for preparing Figure 25-9 .

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  1. A. Steiger
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, New York, 10962, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003-9271, USA

    Jeffrey D. Blaustein

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Steiger, A. (2007). Neuroendocrinology of Sleep. In: Lajtha, A., Blaustein, J.D. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30405-2_25

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