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The Brain Immune System: Chemistry and Biology of the Signal Molecules

  • Reference work entry
Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

Abstract:

Understanding the brain immune system is impossible without the apprehension of the complicated mechanisms of innate and adaptic immunity as a whole. Meanwhile, discovery of a great number of new immunomodulators of brain produced by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus, such as interleukins, new cytokines – proline rich peptides, immunophilin isoforms (receptors of immunosuppressors – FK‐506, rapamicine, cyclosporine), tymosine β 1 (ubiquitin), etc. – is the basis for new image on brain immune system. Biosynthesis of new cytokines in the neurosecretory cells also testify the existence of neuroendocrine immune system of brain, which has close neurohumoral interrelations with central immune organs, particularly bone marrow. The focus of this chapter therefore, is on the main principles of studying the brain immune system, as well as the main literary and data obtained on cytokines, types of cytokine receptors, and the presence of common ways of signal transduction from receptors into cell nucleus, interrelationship and interdependency in the cytokine system, cytokines and their brain receptors. Understanding the role of cytokines in the complicated mechanisms of the immune response is of great importance. There are a number of chemoattractant‐cytokines known as chemokines and their receptors. It is also know as the role of the chemokines in the neuronal function. It is supposed to establish the integrative role of brain neuroendocrine immune system signal molecules in the regulation of the brain immune defense and “peripheric” immune system. The proline‐rich peptides (PRPs) take part in the endocrine protective mechanisms for the immune response at various pathologic states of the organism. Though at present the morphological, neurochemical, neuroimmunological mechanisms of the brain immune system are not yet outlined, new data appear on signal molecules of the brain immune system and on their role in adaptation mechanisms of the brain immune defense and periphery. Based on huge body of novel data reviewed in this submission, the conventional conception concerning the neurosecretory function of hypothalamus and the hypothalamic mechanisms of adaptation (taking into account also the role of corticotrophin releasing factor in the HPA‐axis) have to be reconsidered.

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Abbreviations

BDNF:

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Cyp:

cyclophilin

G-CSF:

granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor

GM-CSF:

granulocyte–macrophage-colony-stimulating factor

INF:

interferon

Iph:

immunophilin

MBP:

myelin basic protein

MLCK:

myosin light chain kinase

NF-AT:

nuclear factor of activated T cells

NK:

natural killer

NMDA:

N-methyl-d-aspartate

NSO:

N. supraopticus

NPV:

N. paraventricularis

NVAG:

neurophysin–vasopressin-associated glycoprotein

PDE:

phosphodiesterase

PRPs:

proline-rich peptides

PPI:

peptidyl-prolyl-cis–trans-isomerase

RANTES:

regulated and normal T-cell expressed and secreted

SDF-1:

stromal cell derived growth factor

SIAM:

soluble immune activator marker

SLC:

secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine

Tβ 4 :

thymosin β 4

TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

Trk ATrk B, and Trk C:

the family of tyrosine kinases7 P.S. trk-a

TRPV1:

caspacin receptor protooncogene encoding a transmembrane glycoprotein the prodalt is a tyrosine kinase receptor

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  1. A. Galoyan
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, 10962, New York, Orangeburg, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. The Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry the National Academy of Sciences, 5/1 Sevag str., 375014, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia

    Armen Galoyan

  3. Dept. Immunophysiology Medical Faculty, Inst. of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Deutschhausstrase 2, D–35037, Marburg, Germany

    Hugo O. Besedovsky

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Galoyan, A. (2008). The Brain Immune System: Chemistry and Biology of the Signal Molecules. In: Lajtha, A., Galoyan, A., Besedovsky, H.O. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30398-7_7

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