Skip to main content

Epidemiology of Dental Diseases

  • Reference work entry
Handbook of Epidemiology

Abstract

Oral health means more than “good teeth” – it is integral to general health, is essential for well-being and is a determinant for quality of life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahovuo-Saloranta A, Hiiri A, Nordblad A, Mäkelä M, Worthington HV (2008) Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD001830. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001830.pub3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ainamo J, Barmes D, Beagrie G, Cutress T, Martin J, Sardo-Infirri J (1982) Development of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Int Dent J 32:281–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albander JM, Brown LJ, Löe H (1997) Clinical features of early-onset periodontitis. J Am Dent Assoc 128:1393–1399

    Google Scholar 

  • Albandar JM, Brunelle JA, Kingman A (1999) Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988–1994. J Periodontol 70:13–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Periodontology (1996) Consensus report: periodontal diseases: epidemiology and diagnosis. Ann Periodontol 1:1

    Google Scholar 

  • American Dental Association (2011) Center for evidence-based dentistry. ADA clinical recommendations. http://ebd.ada.org/ClinicalRecommendations.aspx. Accessed Oct 2011

  • Anderson RJ, Bradnock G, James PM (1981) The changes in the dental health of 12-year-old school children in Shropshire. A review after an interval of 10 years. Br Dent J 150:278–281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antunes JLF, Narvai PC, Nugent ZJ (2004) Measuring inequalities in the distribution of dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 32:41–48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arendorf TM, Bredekamp B, Cloete CA, Sauer G (1998) Oral manifestations of HIV infection in 600 South African patients. J Oral Pathol Med 27:176–179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage GC (1999) Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol 4:1–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axelsson P, Nystrom B, Lindhe J (2004) The long-term effect of a plaque control program on tooth mortality, caries and periodontal disease in adults. Results after 30 years of maintenance. J Clin Periodontol 31:749–757

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azarpazhooh A, Leake JL (2006) Systematic review of the association between respiratory diseases and oral health. J Periodontol 77:1465–1482

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bambra C, Smith KE, Garthwaite K, Joyce KE, Hunter DJ (2011) A labour of Sisyphus? Public policy and health inequalities research from the Black and Acheson Reports to the Marmot Review. J Epidemiol Community Health 65:399–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson PE, Shah AA, Millett DT, Dyer F, Parkin N, Vine RS (2005) Fluorides, orthodontics and demineralization: a systematic review. J Orthod 32:102–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkman LF, Kawachi I (eds) (2000) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz RJ (2003) Acquisition and transmission of mutans streptococci. J Calif Dent Assoc 31:135–138

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernabé E, Marcenes W (2010) Periodontal disease and quality of life in British adults. J Clin Periodontol 7:968–972

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollen AM (2008) Effects of malocclusions and orthodontics on periodontal health: evidence from a systematic review. J Dent Educ 72:912–918

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bratthall D (2000) Introducing the Significant Caries Index together with a proposal for a new global oral health goal for 12-year-olds. Int Dent J 50:378–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown LJ, Selwitz RH (1995) The impact of recent changes in the epidemiology of dental caries on guidelines for the use of dental sealants. J Public Health Dent 55:274–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burt BA, Eklund SA (eds) (2005) Dentistry, dental practice and the community. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, pp 203–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Burt BA, Pai S (2001) Sugar consumption and caries risk. A systematic review. J Dent Res 65:1154–1158

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton PR, Tobin MD, Hopper JL (2005) Key concepts in genetic epidemiology. Lancet 366: 941–951

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaffee BW, Weston SJ (2010). The association between chronic periodontal disease and obesity: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Periodontol 81:1708–1724

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chalmers JM, Carter KD, Spencer AJ (2005) Caries incidence and increments in Adelaide nursing home residents. Spec Care Dentist 25:96–105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng NF, Han PZ, Gansky SA (2008) Methods and software for estimating health disparities: the case of children’s oral health. Am J Epidemiol 168:906–914

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chestnutt I, Binnie V, Taylor M (2000) Reasons for tooth extraction in Scotland. J Dent 28:295–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2008) CSDH final report: closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Conte M, Broder HL, Jenkins G, Reed R, Janal MN (2006) Oral health, related behaviors and oral health impacts among homeless adults. J Public Health Dent 66:276–278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conway DI, Quarrell I, McCall DR, Gilmour H, Bedi R, Macpherson LM (2007) Dental caries in 5-year-old children attending multi-ethnic schools in Greater Glasgow – the impact of ethnic background and levels of deprivation. Community Dent Health 24:161–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demmer RT, Papapanou PN (2010) Epidemiologic patterns of chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 53:28–44

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demmer RT, Jacobs DR Jr, Desvarieux M (2008) Periodontal disease and incident type 2 diabetes: results from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and its epidemiologic follow-up study. Diabetes Care 31:1373–1379

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douglass JM, Rinanoff N, Tang JM, Altman DS (2001) Dental caries patterns and oral health behaviours in Arizona infants and toddlers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 29:14–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowell P, Chapple IL (2002) The British Society of Periodontology referral policy and parameters of care. Dent Update 29:352–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dye BA, Arevalo O, Vargas CM (2010) Trends in paediatric dental caries by poverty status in the United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Int J Paediatr Dent 20:132–143

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emilson CG, Krasse B (1985) Support for and implications for the specific plaque hypothesis. Scand J Dent Res 93:96–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (2009) Guidelines on the use of fluoride in children: an EAPD policy document. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 10:129–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Fejerskov O (1997) Concepts of dental caries and their consequences for understanding the disease. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 25:5–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fejerskov O, Kidd EAM (eds) (2003) Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management. Blackwell Monksgaard, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher FJ (1968) A field survey of dental caries, periodontal disease and enamel defects in Tristan da Cunha. Br Dent J 125:447–453

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H, Kuroda K, Ohsaka T, Takatorige T, Nakura I, Saito T (2009) Oral health status among low-income people admitted to Osaka Socio-Medical Center in Japan. Int Dent J 59: 96–102

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • General Register Office for Scotland (2009) Projected population of Scotland (2008-based). General Register Office for Scotland, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Gratix D, Holloway PJ (1994) Factors of deprivation associated with dental caries in young children. Community Dent Health 11:66–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory J, Lowe S, Bates CJ, Prentice A, Jackson LV, Smithers G, Wenlock R, Farron M (2000) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4 to 18 years, vol 1. Report of the diet and nutrition survey. The Stationery Office, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein G (1984) The role of bleeding on the diagnosis of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 55:648–648

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin SO, Griffin PM, Swann JL, Zlobin N (2004) Estimating rates of new root caries in older adults. J Dent Res 83:634–638

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson BE, Quensel CE, Lanke LS, Lundquist C, Grahnen H, Bonow BE, Krasse B (1954) The Vipeholm dental caries study; the effect of different levels of carbohydrate intake on caries activity in 436 individuals observed for five years. Acta Odontol Scand 11:232–364

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haffajee AD, Bogren A, Hasturk H, Feres M, Lopez NJ, Socransky SS (2004) Subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis subjects from different geographic locations. J Clin Periodontol 31:996–1002

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris R, Nicoll AD, Adair PM, Pine CM (2004) Risk factors for dental caries in young children: a systematic review of the literature. Community Dent Health 21(1S):71–85

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey LL, Fu R, Buckley DI, Freeman M, Helfand M (2008) Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JGIM 23:2079–2086

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iacopino AM (2001) Periodontitis and diabetes interrelationships: role of inflammation. Ann Periodontol 6:125–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail A (2004) Diagnostic levels in dental public health planning. Caries Res 38:199–203

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James B, Robbins WJ, Schwartz RS (2001) Fundamentals of operative dentistry: a contemporary approach, 2nd edn. Quintessence, Carol Stream

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones CM, McCann M, Nugent ZJ (2004) Scottish Prisons’ Dental Health Survey 2002. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/02/18868/32855. Accessed Oct 2011

  • Kakwani N, Wagstaff A, Vandoorslaer E (1997) Socioeconomic inequalities in health: measurement, computation, and statistical inference. J Econom 77:87–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandelman D, Petersen PE, Ueda H (2008) Oral health, general health, and quality of life in older people. Spec Care Dentist 28:224–236

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kantovitz KR, Pascon FM, Rontani RM, Gavião MB (2006) Obesity and dental caries – a systematic review. Oral Health Prev Dent 4:137–144

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly M, Steele J, Nuttal N, Bradnock G, Morris J, Nunn J, Pine C, Pitts N, Treasure E, White D (2000) Adult Dental Health Survey: oral health in the United Kingdom in 1998. The Stationery Office, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidd EAM (1987) Essentials of dental caries: the disease and its management. Wright, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidd EA, Fejerskov O (2004) What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms. J Dent Res 83:C35-C38

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein H, Palmer CE (1937) Dental caries in American Indian children, Public Health Bulletin 239. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinge B, Norlund A (2005) A socio-economic perspective on periodontal diseases: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 32(s6):314–325

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klock K, Haugejordan O (1991) Primary reasons for extraction of permanent teeth in Norway: changes from 1968 to 1998. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 9:336–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornman KS (2008) Mapping the pathogenesis of periodontitis: a new look. J Periodontol 79(s8):1560–1568

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y (eds) (2004) A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang NP, Cumming BR, Löe H (1973) Toothbrushing frequency as it relates to plaque development and gingival health. J Periodontol 44:396–405

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin KA, Davies CA, Douglas GV, Pitts NB (2010) Urban-rural differences in dental caries of 5-year old children in Scotland. Soc Sci Med 71:2020–2027

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lobene RR, Mankodi SM, Ciancio SG, Lamm RA, Charles CH, Ross NM (1989) Correlation among gingival indices: a methodology study. J Periodontol 60:159–162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Locker D (2004) Oral health and quality of life. Oral Health Prev Dent 2(Suppl 1):247–253

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löe H, Brown LJ (1991) Early onset periodontitis in the United States of America. J Periodontol 62:608–616

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löe H, Silness J (1963) Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand 21:533–551

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, Smith M (1978) The natural history of periodontal disease in man. The rate of periodontal destruction before 40 years of age. J Periodontol 49:607–620

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB (1965) Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol 36:177–187

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, Morrison E (1986) Natural history of periodontal disease in man. Rapid, moderate and no loss of attachment in Sri Lankan laborers 14 to 46 years of age. J Clin Periodontol 13:431–445

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macpherson LM, Anopa Y, Conway DI, McMahon AD (2013) National supervised toothbrushing program and dental decay in Scotland. J Dent Res 92:109–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macpherson LMD, Conway DI, Goold S, Jones CM, McCall DR, Merrett MCW, Pitts NB (2010a) National Dental Inspection Programme of Scotland. Scottish Dental Epidemiological Co-ordinating Committee, Dundee. http://www.scottishdental.org/index.aspx?o=2153. Accessed Oct 2011

  • Macpherson LMD, Ball GE, Brewster L, Duane B, Hodges CL, Wright W, Gnich W, Rodgers J, McCall DR, Turner S, Conway DI (2010b) Childsmile: the national child oral health improvement programme in Scotland. Part 1: Establishment and development. Br Dent J 209:73–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann J (2003) Sugar revisited – again. Bull World Health Organ 81:552

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A (2002) Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD002279. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002279

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A (2003) Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD002278. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot MG, Freil S, Bell R, Houweling TAJ, Taylor S, on behalf of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2008) Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet 372:1661–1669

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot MG, Allen J, Goldblatt P, Boyce T, McNeish D, Grady M, Geddes I, on behalf of the Marmot Review (2010) Fair society, healthy lives: Strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010. The Marmot Review, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Marthaler TM (2004) Changes in dental caries 1953–2003. Caries Res 38:173–181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonagh MS, Whiting PF, Wilson PM, Sutton AJ, Chestnutt I, Cooper J, Misson K, Bradley M, Treasure E, Kleijnen J (2000) Systematic review of water fluoridation. BMJ 321:855–859

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald SP, Sheiham A (1992) The distribution of caries on different tooth surfaces at varying levels of caries – a compilation of data from 18 previous studies. Community Dent Health 9:39–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon AD, Blair Y, McCall DR, Macpherson LM (2010) The dental health of three-year-old children in Greater Glasgow, Scotland. Br Dent J 209:E5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon AD, Blair Y, McCall DR, Macpherson LM (2011) Reductions in dental decay in 3-year old children in Greater Glasgow and Clyde: Repeated population inspection studies over four years. BMC Oral Health 11:29

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mejare I, Stenlund H, Zelezny-Homlund C (2004) Caries incidence and lesion progression from adolescence to young adulthood: a prospective 15-year cohort study in Sweden. Caries Res 38:130–141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merrett MC, Goold S, Jones CM, McCall D, Macpherson LMD, Nugent ZJ, Topping GV (2008) National Dental Inspection Programme of Scotland. Report of the 2008 Survey of P1 Children. Scottish Dental Epidemiology Coordinating Committee, Dundee. http://www.scottishdental.org/index.aspx?o=2153. Accessed Oct 2011

  • Merrett MCW, Conway DI, Goold S, Jones CM, McCall DR, McMahon AD, Macpherson LMD, Pitts NB (2009) National Dental Inspection Programme of Scotland 2009. Report of the 2009 Survey of P7 Children. Scottish Dental Epidemiological Coordinating Committee, Dundee. http://www.scottishdental.org/index.aspx?o=2153. Accessed Oct 2011

  • Michalowicz BS, Diehl SR, Gunsolley JC, Sparks BS, Brooks CN, Koertge TE, Califano JV, Burmeister JA, Schenkein HA (2000) Evidence of a substantial genetic basis for risk of adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 71:1699–1707

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millen A (1987) Role of social class in caries occurrence in primary teeth. Int J Epidemiol 16: 252–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolau B, Netuveli G, Kim JW, Sheiham A, Marcenes W (2007a) A life-course approach to assess psychosocial factors and periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 34:844–850

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolau B, Thomson WM, Steele JG, Allison PJ (2007b). Life-course epidemiology: concepts and theoretical models and its relevance to chronic oral conditions. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 35:241–249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyyssonen V, Paunio I, Rayala M, Vehkalahti M (1984) Dental caries in the adult population in Finland: I. Prevalence of dental caries. Int J Epidemiol 13:486–490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver RC, Brown LJ (1993) Periodontal diseases and tooth loss. Periodontology 2000 2:117–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osborn J, Stoltenberg J, Huso B, Aeppli D, Pihlstrom B (1990) Comparison of measurement variability using a standard and constant force periodontal probe. J Periodontol 61:497–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parisotto TM, Steiner-Oliveira C, Silva CM, Rodrigues LK, Nobre-dos-Santos M (2010) Early childhood caries and mutans streptococci: a systematic review. Oral Health Prev Dent 8:59–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perara I, Ekanayake L (2008) Social gradient in dental caries among adolescents in Sri Lanka. Caries Res 42:105–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Peruzzo DC, Benatti BB, Ambrosano GM, Nogueira-Filho GR, Sallum EA, Casati MZ, Nociti FH Jr (2007) A systematic review of stress and psychological factors as possible risk factors for periodontal disease. J Periodontol 78:1491–1504

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen PE (2003a) The World Oral Health Report 2003. Oral health programme. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen PE (2003b) The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century – the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 31(s1):3–24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen PE, Yamamoto T (2005) Improving the oral health of older people: the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 33:81–92

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phelan JA, Mulligan R, Nelson E, Brunelle J, Alves MEAF, Navazesh M, Greenspan D (2004) Dental caries in HIV-seropositive Women. J Dent Res 83:869–873

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW (2005) Periodontal diseases. Lancet 366:1809–1820

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitts NB (1997) Diagnostic tools and measurements – impact on appropriate care. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 25:24–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitts NB (2001) Clinical diagnosis of dental caries: a European perspective. J Dent Educ 65: 972–978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitts NB (2004) ICDAS – an international system for caries detection and assessment being developed to facilitate caries epidemiology, research and appropriate clinical management. Community Dent Health 21:193–198

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polson AM, Caton JG (1985) Current status of bleeding in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 56(s):1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Reich E (2001) Trends in caries and periodontal health epidemiology in Europe. Int Dent J 51: 392–398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ronderos M, Pihlstrom BL, Hodges JS (2001) Periodontal disease among indigenous people in the Amazon rain forest. J Clin Periodontol 28:995–1003

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rugg-Gunn AJ, Edgar WM (1984) Sugar and dental caries; a review of the evidence. Community Dent Health 1:85–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan ME, Camu O, Kamer A (2003) The influence of diabetes on the periodontal tissues. J Am Dent Assoc 134:34S-40S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S (2003a) Associations between periodontal disease and risk for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol 8:38–53

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S (2003b) Associations between periodontal disease and risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol 8:54–69

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheutz F, Matee MI, Andsager L, Holm AM, Moshi J, Kagoma C, Mpemba N (1997) Is there an association between periodontal condition and HIV infection? J Clin Periodontol 24:580–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schou L, Wight C (1994) Mothers’ educational level, dental health behaviours and response to a dental health campaign in relation to their 5 year old children’s caries experience. Health Bull 52:232–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme (2010) Prevention and management of dental caries in children. SDCEP, Dundee. http://www.sdcep.org.uk/index.aspx?o=2332. Accessed Oct 2011

  • Scottish Government (2006) Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2006. Scottish Government, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Scottish Government (2009) The Scottish Health Survey 2008. Scottish Government, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2000) Preventing dental caries in children at high caries risk, targeted prevention of dental caries in the permanent teeth of 6–16 year olds presenting for dental care. SIGN Publications 47, Edinburgh. http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign47.pdf. Accessed Oct 2011

  • Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (2005) Prevention and management of dental decay in the pre-school child – a national clinical guideline. SIGN 83 NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, Edinburgh. http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign83.pdf. Accessed Oct 2011

  • Selwitz RH, Ismail AL, Pitts NB (2007) Dental caries. Lancet 369:51–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw D, Macpherson L, Conway D (2009) Tackling socially determined dental inequalities: ethical aspects of Childsmile, the national child oral health demonstration programme in Scotland. Bioethics 23:131–139

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheiham A, Nicolau B (2005) Evaluation of social and psychological factors in periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000 39:118–131

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheiham A, Watt RG (2000) The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 28:399–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiau HJ, Reynolds MA (2010) Sex differences in destructive periodontal disease: a systematic review. J Periodontol 81:1379–1389

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shuler CF (2001) Inherited risks for susceptibility to dental caries. J Dent Educ 65:1038–1045

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skeie MS, Raadal M, Strand GV, Espelid I (2006) The relationship between caries in the primary dentition at 5 years of age and permanent dentition at 10 years of age – a longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent 16:152–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprod A, Anderson R, Treasure E (1996) Effective oral health promotion. Health Promotion Wales, Cardiff

    Google Scholar 

  • Stabholz A, Soskolne WA, Shapira L (2010) Genetic and environmental risk factors for chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 53:138–153

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steele J, O’Sullivan I (2011) Executive summary: Adult Dental Health Survey 2009. The Health and Social Care Information Centre, Leeds. http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/primary-care/dentistry/adult-dental-health-survey-2009--summary-report-and-thematic-series. Accessed Oct 2011

  • Steele JG, Treasure E, Pitts NB, Morris J, Bradnock G (2000) Total tooth loss in the United Kingdom in 1998 and implications for the future. BDJ 189:598–603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stookey GK, González-Cabezas C (2001) Emerging methods of caries diagnosis. J Dent Educ 65:1001–1006

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan HR, Harris R (1958) The biology of the children of Hopewood House, Bowral, NSW. II. Observations extending over five years (1952–1956). 2. Observations and oral conditions. Aust Dent J 3:311–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Susin C, Kingman A, Albandar JM (2005) Effect of partial recording protocols on estimates of prevalence of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 76:262–267

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney PC, Nugent Z, Pitts NB (1999) Deprivation and dental caries status of 5-year-old children in Scotland. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 27:152–158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor L (1975) Poverty, wealth, and health, or getting the dosage right. BMJ 4:207–211

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tezal M, Grossi SG, Ho AW, Genco RJ (2004) Alcohol consumption and periodontal disease. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Clin Periodontol 31:484–488

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson WM, Poulton R, Milne BJ, Caspi A, Broughton JR, Ayres KMS (2004) Socioeconomic inequalities in oral health in childhood and adulthood in a birth cohort. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 32:345–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toverud G (1957) The influence of war and post-war conditions on the teeth of Norwegian school children. III. Discussions of food supply and dental condition in Norway and other European countries. Milbank Meml Fund Q 35:373–459

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TNS Opinion & Social (2010) Eurobarometer 72.3. Oral health report undertaken at the request of the Directorate General Health and Consumers, European Commission. TNS Opinion & Social, Brussels. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_330_en.pdf. Accessed Oct 2011

  • Treadwell HM, Formicola AJ (2005) Improving the oral health of prisoners to improve overall health and well-being. Am J Public Health 95:1677–1678

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner S, Brewster L, Kidd J, Gnich W, Ball GE, Milburn K, Pitts NB, Goold S, Conway DI, Macpherson LM (2010) Childsmile: the national child oral health improvement programme in Scotland. Part 2: Monitoring and delivery. Br Dent J 209:79–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valaitis R, Hesch R, Passarelli C, Sheehan D, Sinton J (2000) A systematic review of the relationship between breastfeeding and early childhood caries. Can J Public Health 91: 411–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van der Putten GJ, Vanobbergen J, De Visschere L, Schols J, de Baat C (2009) Association of some specific nutrient deficiencies with periodontal disease in elderly people: a systematic literature review. Nutrition 25:717–722

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD (2007). Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 97:667–675

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verrips GH, Kalsbeek H, Eijkman MAJ (2006) Ethnicity and maternal education as risk indicators for dental caries, and the role of dental behavior. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 21:209–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, Appelbe P, Marinho VCC, Shi X (2010) Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD007868

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watt RG, Marinho VC (2005) Does oral health promotion improve oral hygiene and gingival health? Periodontology 2000 37:35–47

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whelton H, O’Mullane DM (2007) Public health aspects of oral diseases and disorders. Dental caries. In: Pine C, Harris R (eds) Community oral health. Quintessence, London, pp 165–176

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1986) The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2010a) Global oral health database and the WHO oral health country/area profile programme. WHO, Malmo

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2010b) World health organization: significant caries index. http://www.whocollab.od.mah.se/sicdata.html. Accessed Oct 2011

  • Wong MCM, Glenny A-M, Tsang BWK, Lo ECM, Worthington HV, Marinho VCC (2010) Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD007693

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt CCL, MacEntee MI (2008) Dental caries in chronically disabled elders. Special Care Dent 17:196–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiong X, Buekens P, Fraser WD, Beck J, Offenbacher S (2006) Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. BJOG 113:135–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this entry

Cite this entry

Conway, D.I., McMahon, A.D., Robertson, D., Macpherson, L.M.D. (2014). Epidemiology of Dental Diseases. In: Ahrens, W., Pigeot, I. (eds) Handbook of Epidemiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_51

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_51

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09833-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09834-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics