Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Epidemiology pp 837–902Cite as

Health Services Research

  • Reference work entry

  • 11k Accesses

Abstract

After a brief introduction into the general field of health services research, a large section deals with the specific issues arising when epidemiological or statistical methods are used to study health services. This is followed by sections describing the main fields of investigation which are usually thought of as pertaining to the wider realm of health services research. These are studies of demand, need, utilization, and access to health services which have the interface between the patient and health services in common. The next section describes the importance of financial resources, structure, and organization for the delivery of effective and efficient health care. This is followed by a description of the processes and outcomes of health care, including concepts such as effectiveness and appropriateness of care and their use, for example, in physician profiling or in hospital rankings. In the section on outcomes, special emphasis is put on health status measurement and the evaluation of health systems in international comparisons. Important health economic concepts, such as cost-effectiveness and efficiency, are covered in various sections. This chapter concludes with describing common pitfalls and caveats in interpreting health services research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   1,399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This survey had three predecessors in the years 1984–1986, 1987–1989, and 1990–1991 and was supplemented by the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS), carried out from May 2003 to May 2006. The target population were children and adolescents aged between 0 and 17 and living in Germany (Kurth 2007). The Robert Koch Institute continued the KiGGS study by carrying out telephone-based health interviews (Robert Koch Institute 2010).

  2. 2.

    But the increased use of cellular phones poses a problem, and there is need for research to broaden the approach beyond the restrictions of the conventional telephone network.

  3. 3.

    About 10% of Medicare enrollees are younger, disabled persons, who are tracked from their time of certification.

  4. 4.

    The hospitals and the pharmacies had started to transfer their beneficiary-related data to the sickness funds long before.

  5. 5.

    Random digit dialing in order to sample for computer-assisted telephone interviews is considered as a way to handle this problem if the existing lists are not complete and the target population can be accessed by conventional telephone network.

  6. 6.

    Of course, the choice of the sampling scheme has to be relevant to the population being sampled. A population that is not completely covered by social security would be unsuitable for sampling by means of social security number.

  7. 7.

    CMS: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; HCC: Hierarchical Condition Categories

  8. 8.

    The high-cost pool consists of insured with high cost in the past year (above a fixed threshold) which are shared by all statutory sickness funds.

  9. 9.

    This trade name has ist roots in the Research Triangle Institute (RTI), which was established by the universities located in the Triangle’s three cities Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill in North Carolina.

References

  • Abraham S (1986) Analysis of data from a complex sample: the Health Examination Surveys. Am J Clin Nutr 43:839–843

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ACRA (1999) A brief history of resource allocation in the NHS, 1948–98. Advisory Committee on Resource Allocation, Department of Health, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Aday LA, Begley CE, Lairson DR, Slater CH (1998) Evaluating the healthcare system. Effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. Health Administration Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler GS (1994) A profile of the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Health Care Financ Rev 15(4):153–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Child Health Association (1934) Physical defects: the pathway to correction. ACHA, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Armenian HK (1998) Case-control methods. In: Amenian HK, Shapiro S (eds) Epidemiology and health services. Oxford University Press, New York/Oxford, pp 135–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Ash A, Porell F, Gruenberg L, Sawitz E, Beiser A (1989) Adjusting Medicare capitation payments using prior hospitalization data. Health Care Financ Rev 10(4):17–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asthana S, Gibson A, Moon G, Dicker J, Brigham P (2004) The pursuit of equity in NHS resource allocation: should morbidity replace utilisation as the basis for setting health care capitations? Soc Sci Med 58:539–551

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr N (1998) The economics of the welfare state. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedford Z, Kafetz A (2009) Editors’ letter. In: The Dr Foster Hospital Guide 2009. Dr Foster Research. London

    Google Scholar 

  • Begg D, Fischer S, Dornbusch R (1997a) Demand, supply, and the market. In: Economics. McGraw Hill, London, pp 30–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Begg D, Fischer S, Dornbusch R (1997b) Introduction to welfare economics. In: Economics. McGraw Hill, London, pp 240–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellach B-M, Knopf H, Thefeld W (1998) Der Bundesgesundheitssurvey 1997/98. Gesundheitswesen 60(Suppl 2):59–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett AC (1978) Improving management performance in health care institutions. American Hospital Association, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann E, Kamtsiuris E (1999) Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen. Gesundheitswesen 61(Spec Issue):138–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Carter WB, Gilson BS (1981) The sickness impact profile: development and final revision of a health status measure. Med Care 19:787–805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berrington de Gonzales A, Darby S (1994) Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries. Lancet 363:345–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Bitzer EM, Neusser S, Lorenz C, Dörning H, Schäfer T (2007) Krankenhaus-Rangfolgen nach Ergebnisqualität in der Hüftendoprothetik - Routinedaten mit oder ohne Patientenbefragungen? - Teil 2: Patientenbefragung in Kombination mit Routinedaten. GMS Med Inf Biom Epidemiol 3(1):Doc07

    Google Scholar 

  • Bitzer EM, Grobe T, Dörning H, Schwartz FW (2010) BARMER GEK Report Krankenhaus 2010. Asgard, St. Augustin

    Google Scholar 

  • Black N (1997) Health services research: saviour or chimera? Lancet 349:1834–1836

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black N, Langham S, Petticrew M (1995) Coronary revascularisation: why do rates vary geographically in the UK? J Epidemiol Community Health 49:408–412

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal D (1996) Quality of care: what is it? N Engl J Med 335:891–894

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brand DA, Newcomer LN, Freiburger A, Tian H (1995) Cardiologists’ practices compared with practice guidelines: use of beta-blockade after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:1432–1436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braveman P, Starfield B, Geiger HJ (2001) World Health Report 2000: how it removes equity from the agenda for public health monitoring and policy. BMJ 323:678–681

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • British Medical Association (2000) Clinical indicators (League tables) – a discussion paper. British Medical Association, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook RH, Lohr KN (1985) Efficacy, effectiveness, variations, and quality. Boundary-crossing research. Med Care 23:710–722

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brook RH, Ware JE Jr, Rogers WH, Keeler EB, Davies AR, Donald CA, Goldberg GA, Lohr KN, Masthay PC, Newhouse JP (1983) Does free care improve adults’ health? Results from a randomized controlled trial. N Engl J Med 309:1426–1434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brook RH, Park RE, Chassin MR, Solomon DH, Keesey J, Kosecoff J (1990) Predicting the appropriate use of carotid endarterectomy, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and coronary angiography. N Engl J Med 323:1173–1177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brook RH, McGlynn EA, Cleary PD (1996) Quality of health care. Part 2: Measuring quality of care. N Engl J Med 335:966–970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks R (1996) EuroQol: the current state of play. Health Policy 37:53–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brückner G (1997) Developing a new system of health care statistics. A major challenge for all participants? Federal Statistical Office, Wiesbaden

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunker JP, Frazier HS, Mosteller F (1994) Improving health: measuring effects of medical care. Milbank Q 72:225–258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buring JE, Hennekens CH (1992) The women’s health study: summary of the study design. J Mycardial Ischemia 4:27–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Busse R (1995) Radiologie, Gesundheitsstrukturreform und Gesundheitssystemforschung – Stand, Entwicklungen und Herausforderungen. Akt Radiologie 5:127–130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Busse R, Wismar M (2002) Health target programmes and health care services – any link? A conceptual and comparative study (part 1). Health Policy 59:209–221

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron AC, Trivedi PK (1998) Regression analysis of count data. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York/Melbourne

    Google Scholar 

  • Campell DT, Stanley JC (1966) Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Rand McNally, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr-Hill R (1989) Allocating resources to health care: RAWP (Resources Allocation Working Party) is dead-long live RAWP. Health Policy 13:135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr-Hill RA, Sheldon TA, Smith P, Martin S, Peacock S, Hardman G (1994) Allocating resources to health authorities: development of method for small area analysis of use of inpatient services. BMJ 309(6961):1046–1049

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlton JR, Velez R (1986) Some international comparisons of mortality amenable to medical intervention. BMJ 292:295–301

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Childs AW, Hunter ED (1972) Non-medical factors influencing use of diagnostic x-ray by physicians. Med Care 10:323–335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cochran WG (1968) Sampling techniques. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen SB (1997) Sample design of the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component. MEPS Methodol Rep No 2. AHCPR Pub. No 97–0027, Rockville

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow R, Gage H, Hampson S, Hart J, Kimber A, Storey L (2002) The measurement of satisfaction with healthcare: implications for practice from a systematic review of the literature. Health Technol Assess 6:32

    Google Scholar 

  • Culyer A (1993) Health, health expenditures, and equity. In: VanDoorslaer E (ed) Equity in the finance and delivery of health care. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • de Miguel JM (1971) A framework for the study of national health systems. Inquiry 12:10–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health (2008) Resource allocation: weighted capitation formula, 6th edn. Department of Health, Leeds

    Google Scholar 

  • Detsky AS, Naglie IG (1990) A clinician’s guide to cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 113:147–154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsche Röntgengesellschaft (2002) Pressemitteilung anlässlich des 83. Deutschen Röntgenkongresses vom 8. - 11. Mai 2002 in Wiesbaden

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehr P, Yanez D, Ash A, Hornbrook M, Lin DY (1999) Methods for analyzing health care utilization and costs. Ann Rev Public Health 20:125–144

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donabedian A (1980) Explorations in quality assessment and monitoring. Health Administration Press, Ann Arbor, MI

    Google Scholar 

  • Donabedian A (1985) The methods and findings of quality assessment and monitoring. Health Administration Press, Ann Arbor, MI

    Google Scholar 

  • Donabedian A (1988) The quality of care: how can it be assessed? JAMA 260:1743–1748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson C, Gerard K (1993) Economics of health care financing: The visible hand. Macmillan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Doubilet P, Weinstein MC, McNeil JB (1986) Use and misuse of the term ‘cost-effectiveness’ in medicine. N Engl J Med 314:253–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dr Foster (ed) (2004a) Hospital guide – methodology. http://www.drfosterhealth.co.uk/hospital-guide/methodology/. Accessed 29 Mar 2011

  • Dr Foster (ed) (2004b) Consultant guide – methodology. http://www.drfosterhealth.co.uk/consultant-guide/methodology.aspx. Accessed 29 Mar 2011

  • Drummond MF (1987) Ressource allocation decisions in health care. A role for quality of life assessments? J Chronic Dis 40:605–616

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond MF, O’Brien B, Stoddart GL, Torrance GW (1997) Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn DL, Rosenblatt A, Taira DA, Lattimer E, Bertko J, Stoiber T (1996) A comparative analysis of methods of health risk assessment. Society of Actuaries, Schaumburg, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Elinson J (1987) Advances in health assessment discussion panel. J Chronic Dis 40(Suppl 1): 83S–91S

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis R, Pope G, Iezzoni L, Ayanian J, Bates D, Burstin H, Ash A (1996) Diagnosis-based risk adjustment for Medicare capitation payments. Health Care Financ Rev 17(3):101–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellwood PM (1988) Outcomes management: a technology of patient experience. N Engl J Med 318:1549–1556

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein RS, Sherwood LM (1996) From outcomes research to disease management. A guide for the perplexed. Ann Intern Med 124:832–837

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Etchason J, Petz L, Keeler E, Calhoun L, Kleinman S, Snider C, Fink A, Brook R (1995) The cost effectiveness of preoperative autologous blood donations. N Engl J Med 332:719–724

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EuroQol Group (1990) EuroQol – a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 16:199–208. http://www.euroqol.org/. Accessed 29 Mar 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Fein R (1971) On measuring economic benefits of health programs. In: McLachlan G, McKeown T (eds) Medical history and medical care. Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferris G, Roderick P, Smithies A, George S, Gabbay J, Couper N, Chant A (1998) An epidemiological needs assessment of carotid endarterectomy in an English health region. Is the need being met? BMJ 317:447–451

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Festinger L (1957) A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler FJ Jr, Barry MJ, Lu-Yao G, Roman A, Wasson J, Wennberg JE (1993) Patient-reported complications and follow-up treatment after radical prostatectomy. The national Medicare experience: 1988–1990 (updated June 1993). Urology 42:622–629

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman MA in collaboration with the CDC Health Status Indicators Consensus Work Group (1991) Health status indicators for the year 2000. Health People 2000 Statistical Notes, vol 1 (no. 1). National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville

    Google Scholar 

  • Garratt AM, Ruta DA, Abdalla MI, Buckingham JK, Russell IT (1993) The SF36 health survey questionnaire: an outcome measure suitable for routine use within the NHS? BMJ 306: 1440–1444

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gericke C, Busse R (2003) Gesundheitsökonomische Aspekte der Pharmakotherapie älterer Menschen. Arzneimittelforschung Drug Res 53:918–921

    Google Scholar 

  • Gericke CA, Schiffhorst G, Busse R, Häussler B (2004) Ein valides Instrument zur Messung der Patientenzufriedenheit in ambulanter haus- und fachärztlicher Behandlung: das QUALISKOPE-A. Das Gesundheitswesen 66:723–731

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillings D, Makuc D, Siegel W (1981) Analysis of interrupted time series mortality trends; an example to evaluate regionalized perinatal care. Am J Public Health 71:38–46

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glaeske G, Schicktanz C (2010) BARMER GEK Arzneimittel-Report 2010. Asgard, St. Augustin

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold MR, Siegel JE, Rusek KB, Weinstein MC (1996) Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gravelle H, Jacobs R, Jones AM, Street A (2003) Comparing the efficiency of national health systems: a sensitivity analysis of the WHO approach. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2: 141–147

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray JAM (1997) Assessing the outcomes found. In: Evidence-based healthcare. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 103–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene WH (2003) Econometric Analysis, 5th edn. Prentice and Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimshaw JM, Wilson B, Campbell M, Eccles M, Ramsay C (2001) Epidemiological methods. In: Fulop N, Allen P, Clarke A, Black N (eds) Studying the organisation and delivery of health services: research methods. Routledge, London, pp 56–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Grobe T, Dörning H, Schwartz FW (2006) GEK-Report ambulant-ärztliche Versorgung 2006. Asgard, St. Augustin

    Google Scholar 

  • Grobe T, Dörning H, Schwartz FW (2011) BARMER GEK Arztreport 2011. Asgard, St. Augustin

    Google Scholar 

  • Grol R, Wensing M, Mainz J, Ferreira P, Hearnshaw H, Hjortdahl P, Olesen F, Ribacke M, Spenser T, Szecsenyi J (1999) Patients’ priorities with respect to general practice care: an international comparison. Fam Pract 16:4–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guend H, Stone-Newsom R, Swallen K, Lasker A, Kindig D (2002) State disability adjusted life expectancy using census disability. University of Wisconsin, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt GH, Naylor CD, Juniper E, Heyland DK, Jaeschke R, Cook RD for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group (1995) How to use articles about health-related quality of life measurements. Centre for Health Evidence, Edmonton. http://www.cche.net/usersguides/life.asp. Accessed 28 May 2004

  • Hannan EL, O’Donnell JF, Kilburn H Jr, Bernard HR, Yazici A (1989) Investigation of the relationship between volume and mortality for surgical procedures performed in New York State hospitals. JAMA 262:503–510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen MH, Hurwitz WN, Madow WG (1953) Sample survey methods and theory, vols I and II. Wiley, New York/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris J (1987) QUALYfying the value of life. J Med Ethics 13:117–123

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heller G, Günster C (2008) Mit Routinedaten Qualität in der Medizin sichern. GGW 8:26–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrin J, Etchason JA, Kahan JP, Brook RH, Ballard DJ (1997) Effect of panel composition on physician ratings of appropriateness of abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery: elucidating differences between multispecialty panel results and specialty society recommendations. Health Policy 42:67–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill AB (1965) The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med 58: 295–300

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofer TP, Hayward RA, Greenfield S, Wagner EH, Kaplan SH, Manning WG (1999) The unreliability of individual physician “report cards” for assessing the costs and quality of care of a chronic disease. JAMA 281:2098–2105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iezzoni LI (1994) Risk and outcome. In: Iezzoni LI (ed) Risk adjustment for measuring healthcare outcomes. Health Administration Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp 1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Ihle P, Köster I, Küpper-Nybelen J, Schubert I (2008) Experiences with a person-related and population-based sickness fund sample (1997–2007) for pharmacoepidemiological and health care utilization research. Abstract of the 24th International Conference on Pharmacoepidemiology & Therapeutic Risk Management. Copenhagen, Denmark, August 17–20, 2008 Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17(Suppl 1): S242

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingber MJ (1998) The current state of risk adjustment technology for capitation. J Ambul Care Manag 21(4):1–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine (1994) Health services research: opportunities for an expanding field of inquiry – An interim statement. National Academies Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson B, Mindell J, McKee M (2003) Hospital mortality league tables. BMJ 326:777–778

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jencks SF, Williams DK, Kay TL (1988) Assessing hospital-associated deaths from discharge data. The role of length of stay and comorbidities. JAMA 260:2240–2246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn HA, Sempos CT (1989) Statistical methods in epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York/Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan RM, Anderson JP (1988) A general health policy model: update and applications. Health Serv Res 23:203–205

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keeler EB, Kahn KL, Draper D, Sherwood MJ, Rubenstein LV, Reinisch EJ, Kosecoff J, Brook (1990) Changes in sickness at admission following the introduction of the prospective payment system. JAMA 264:1962–1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelsey JL, Petitti DB, King AC (1998) Key methodologic concepts and issues. In: Brownson RC, Petitti DB (eds) Applied epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, pp 35–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall MG, Stuart A (1958) Advanced theory of statistics, vol 1. Charles Griffin and Co., London

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindig DA (1997) Different populations, different needs? In: Purchasing population health: paying for results. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp 133–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Kish L (1965) Survey sampling. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitagawa EM, Hauser PM (1973) Differential mortality in the United States – a study in socioeconomic epidemiology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjerulff KH, Erickson BA, Langenberg PW (1996) Chronic gynecological conditions reported by U.S. women: finding from the National Health Interview Survey 1984 to 1992. Am J Public Health 86:195–199

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohn R, White KL (eds) (1976) Health care – an international study. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York/Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnaiah PR, Rao CR (eds) (1994) Handbook of statistics 6 - Sampling, 2nd edn. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Kronick R, Dreyfus T, Lee L, Zhou Z (1996) Diagnostic risk adjustment for Medicaid: the disability payment system. Health Care Financ Rev 17(3):7–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kronick R, Gilmer T, Dreyfus T, Ganiats T (2002) CDPS-Medicare: the chronic illness and disability payment system modified to predict expenditures for Medicare beneficiaries. Final report to CMS. University of California, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurth B-M (2007) The German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS): an overview of its planning, implementation and results taking into account aspects of quality management. In: KiGGS – Principal publication, methodology and conduct of field work. Bundesgesundheitsbl – Gesundheitsforsch – Gesundheitsschutz 50(5–6):533–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamers LM (1999) Pharmacy costs groups: a risk-adjusted for capitation payments based on the use of prescribed drugs. Med Care 37(8):824–830

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Last JM (2001) A dictionary of epidemiology, 4th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Grand J (1998) Financing health care. In: Feachem Z, Hensher M, Rose L (eds) Implementing health sector reform in Central Asia. World Bank, Washington, DC, pp 75–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Leape LL (1994) Error in medicine. JAMA 272:1851–1857

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy PS, Lemesshow S (1991) Sampling of populations: methods and applications. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang KY, Zeger SL (1986) Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73:13–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipid Research Clinics Program (1984) The lipid research clinics coronary primary prevention trial results I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 251:351–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohr KN, Yordi KD, Their SO (1988) Current issues in quality of care. Health Aff 7:5–18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luft HS, Bunker JP, Enthoven AC (1979) Should operations be regionalized? The empirical relation between surgical volume and mortality. N Engl J Med 301:1364–1369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mankiw NG (1998) Principles of economics Harcourt. Brace, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Mays N (1995) Geographical resource allocation in the English National Health Service, 1974–1994: the tension between normative and empirical approaches. Int J Epidemiol 24: 96–102

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullagh P, Nelder JA (1983) Generalized linear models. Chapman and Hall, London/New York

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell I, Newell C (1996) Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York/Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlynn EA (1998) The outcomes utility index: Will outcomes data tell us what we want to know? Int J Qual Health Care 10:485–490

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKee M (2001) Measuring the efficiency of health systems. The world health report sets the agenda, but there’s still a long way to go. BMJ 323:295–296

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McPake B, Kumaranayake L, Normand C (2002) The demand for health and health services. In: Health economics. An international perspective. Routledge, London/New York, pp 12–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (1998) Report to the Congress: context for a changing Medicare program. Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer N, Fischer R, Weitkunat R, Crispin A, Schotten K, Bellach B-M, Überla K (2002) Evaluation des Gesundheitsmonitorings in Bayern mit computer-assistierten Telefoninterviews (CATI) durch den Vergleich mit dem Bundesgesundheitssurvey 1998 des Robert Koch-Instituts. Gesundheitswesen 64:329–335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray CJL, Lopez AD (1996) The global burden of disease. A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray JL, Evans DB (2003) Health systems performance assessment: goals, framework and overview. In: Murray JL, Evans DB (eds) Health systems performance assessment: debates, methods and empiricism. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 3–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro V (2000) Assessment of the world health report 2000. Lancet 356:1598–1601

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelder JA, Wedderburn EWM (1972) Generalized linear models. J R Stat Soc A 135:370–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Neter J, Wasserman W (1974) Applied linear statistical models. Richard D. Irwin Inc., Homewood, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuhauser D, Lewicki AM (1975) What do we gain from the sixth stool guaiac? N Engl J Med 293: 226–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newhouse JP (1974) A design for a health insurance experiment. Inquiry 11:5–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newhouse JP (1986) Rate adjuster for Medicare under capitation. Health Care Financ Rev (Spec No):45–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Newhouse JP (1993) Free for all? Lessons from the RAND health insurance experiment. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Newhouse JP, McClellan M (1998) Econometrics in outcomes research: the use of instrumental variables. Ann Rev Public Health 19:17–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newhouse JP, Manning WG, Morris CN, Orr LL, Duan N, Keeler EB, Leibowitz A, Marquis KH, Marquis MS, Phelps CE, Brook RH (1981) Some interim results from a controlled trial of cost sharing in health insurance. N Engl J Med 305:1501–1507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newhouse JP, Manning WG, Keeler EB, Sloss EM (1989) Adjusting capitation rates using objective health measurers and prior utilization. Health Care Financ Rev 10(3):41–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newhouse JP, Buntin MB, Chapman JD (1997) Risk adjustment and Medicare: taking a closer look. Health Affairs 16(5):26–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor R (1993) Issues in the measurement of health-related quality of life. Working paper 30. NHMRC National Centre for Health Program Evaluation Melbourne, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1993) System of national accounts. OECD, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2000) A system of health accounts, Version 1.0. OECD, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer RH (1997) Process-based measures of quality: the need for detailed clinical data in large health care databases. Ann Intern Med 127:733–738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer S, Torgerson DJ (1999) Definitions of efficiency. BMJ 318:1136

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petitti DB (1998a) Epidemiological issues in outcomes research. In: Brownson RC, Petitti DB (eds) Applied epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York/Oxford, pp 249–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Petitti DB (1998b) Economic evaluation. In: Brownson RC, Petitti DB (eds) Applied epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York/Oxford, pp 277–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Petitti DB, Amster A (1998) Measuring the quality of health care. In: Brownson RC, Petitti DB (eds) Applied epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York/Oxford, pp 299–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Petitti DB, Sidney S (1989) Hip fracture in women: incidence, in-hospital mortality, and five-year survival probabilities in members of prepaid health plan. Clin Orthop 246:150–155

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phibbs CS, Bronstein JM, Buxton E, Phibbs RH (1996) The effects of patient volume and level of care at the hospital of birth on neonatal mortality. JAMA 276:1054–1059

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pigeot I, Ahrens W (2008) Establishment of a pharmacoepidemiological database in Germany: methodological potential, scientific value and practical limitations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17:215–223

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope GC, Ellis RP, Ash AS, Liu C-F, Ayanian JZ, Bates DW, Burstin H, Iezzoni LI, Ingber MJ (2000) Principal inpatient diagnostic cost group model for Medicare risk adjustment. Health Care Financ Rev 21(3):93–118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pope GC, Kautter J, Ellis RP, Ash AS, Ayanian JZ, Iezzoni LI, Ingber JM, Levy JM, Robst J (2004) Risk adjustment of Medicare capitation payments using the CMS-HCC model. Health Care Financ Rev 25(4):119–141

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prieto L, Sacristán JA (2003) Problems and solutions in calculating quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Health Qual Life Outcome 1:80. http://www.hqlo.com/content/1/1/80. Accessed 30 July 2013

  • Rice N, Smith P (1999) Approaches to capitation and risk adjustment in health care: an international survey. ACRA paper 09, Department of Health, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich MW, Shah AS, Vinson JM, Freedland KE, Kuru T, Sperry JC (1996) Iatrogenic congestive heart failure in older adults: clinical course and prognosis. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:638–643

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robert Koch Institute (2008a) German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS). http://www.rki.de/cln_160/nn_217400/EN/Content/Health_Reporting/HealthlSurveys/Degs/degs_node.html?_nnn=true. Accessed 28 Mar, 2011

  • Robert Koch Institute (2008b) GEDA: telephone health survey 2008/2009. http://www.rki.de/cln_160/nn_675636/EN/Content/Health_Reporting/HealthlSurveys/Geda/Geda_node.html?_nnn=true. Accessed 28 Mar 2011

  • Robert Koch Institute (2010) KiGGS - The German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents ; Continuation of the KiGGS Study - wave 1 (2009–2012). http://www.kiggs.de/service/english/index.html. Accessed 28 Mar 2011

  • Robine JM, Ritchie K (1991) Healthy life expectancy: evaluation of global indicator of change in population health. BMJ 302:457–460

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothgang H, Iwansky S, Müller R, Sauer S, Unger R (2010) BARMER GEK Pflegereport 2010. Asgard, St. Augustin

    Google Scholar 

  • RTI International (2009) Methodology: “America’s Best Hospitals”. http://www.rti.org/pubs/abchmethod_2009.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2013

  • RTI International (2010) U.S. News & World Report Best Children’s Hospitals 2010 Methodology. http://www.rti.org/pubs/abchmethod_2010.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2013

  • Sauer K, Kemper C, Kaboth K, Glaeske G (2010) BARMER GEK Heil- und Hilfsmittel-Report 2010. Asgard, St. Augustin

    Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer T, Nolde-Gallasch A (1999) Modellversuch zur Beitragsrückzahlung bei den AOKs Lindau und Ostholstein – Bericht der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung. Technical report, University of Applied Science Gelsenkirchen, Bocholt (forthcoming, Federal Association of the AOK, Bonn)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer T, Neusser S, Lorenz C, Dörning H, Bitzer EM (2007) Krankenhaus-Rangfolgen nach Ergebnisqualität in der Hüftendoprothetik – Routinedaten mit oder ohne ergänzende Patientenbefragungen? – Teil 1: Routinedaten. GMS Med Inform Biom Epidemiol 3(1):Doc08

    Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer T, Schneider A, Mieth I (2011) BARMER GEK Zahnreport 2011. Asgard, St. Augustin

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneeweiss S, Schöffski O, Selke GW (1998) What is Germany’s experience on reference based drug pricing and the etiology of adverse health outcomes or substitutions? Health Policy 44:253–260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneeweiss S, Seeger J, Maclure M, Wang P, Avorn, J, Glynn RJ (2001) Performance of comorbidity scores to control for confounding in epidemiologic studies using claims data. Am J Epidemiol 154:854–864

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneeweiss S, Walker AM, Glynn RJ, Maclure M, Dormuth C, Soumerai SB (2002) Outcomes of reference pricing for angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitions. N Engl J Med 346:822–829

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe U, Paffrath D (eds) (2010) Arzneiverordungsreport 2010. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz FW, Busse R (2003) Denken in Zusammenhängen: Gesundheitssystemforschung. In: Schwartz FW, Badura B, Busse R, Leidl R, Raspe H, Siegrist J, Walter U (eds) Public Health. Gesundheit und Gesundheitswesen. Urban & Fischer, München/Jena, pp 518–545

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz FW, Schach E (1989) Summary. In: Zentralinstitut für die kassenärztliche Versorgung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ed): Die EvaS-Studie. Eine Erhebung über die ambulante medizinische Versorgung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Deutscher Ärzte Verlag, Köln, pp 31–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarze E-W, Pawlitschko J (2003) Autopsie in Deutschland: Derzeitiger Stand, Gründe für den Rückgang der Obduktionszahlen und deren Folgen. Dtsch Arztebl 100:A2802–2808

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott I, Campbell D (2002) Health services research: what is it and what does it offer? Intern Med J 32:91–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selby JV (1994) Case-control evaluations of treatment and program efficiency. Epidemiol Rev 16:90–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selmer RM, Kristiansen IS, Haglerød A, Graff-Iversen S, Larsen HK, Meyer HE, Bønaa KH, Thelle DS (2000) Cost and health consequences of reducing the population intake of salt. J Epidemiol Community Health 54:697–702

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SF-36 Health Survey Scoring Demonstration. http://www.sf-36.org/demos/SF-36.html. Accessed 29 Mar 2011

  • SF-36 Psychometric Considerations. http://www.sf-36.org/tools/sf36.shtml. Accessed 29 Mar 2011

  • Shen Y, Ellis RP (2002) How profitable is risk selection? A comparison of four risk adjustment models. Health Econ 11:165–174

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shojania KG, Showstack J, Wachter RM (2001) Assessing hospital quality: a review for clinicians. Eff Clin Practice 4:82–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenberg A, Delco F (2002) Cost-effectiveness of a single colonoscopy in screening for colorectal cancer. Arch Intern Med 162:163–168

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sörensen HT (2001) Routine registries. In: Olsen J, Saracci R, Trichopoulos D (eds) Teaching epidemiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, pp 99–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Soumerai SB, Avorn J, Ross-Degnan D, Gortmaker S (1987) Payment restrictions for prescription drugs under Medicaid. N Engl J Med 317:550–556

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soumerai SB, Ross-Degnan D, Avorn J, McLaughlin JT, Choodnovskiy I (1991) Effects of Medicaid drug-payment limits on admission to hospitals and nursing homes. N Engl J Med 325:1072–1077

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spilker B (ed) (1995) Quality of life and pharmacoeconomic clinical trials. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistisches Bundesamt (ed) (2000a) Gesundheitsbericht für Deutschland. Metzler-Poeschel, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistisches Bundesamt (ed) (2000b) Konzept einer Ausgaben- und Finanzierungsrechnung für die Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes. Metzler-Poeschel, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM (2000) University of California life expectancy project. http://www.lifeexpectancy.com/index.shtml. Accessed 29 Mar 2011

  • Stuart A (1968) Basic ideas of scientific sampling. Charles Griffin & Co, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudgen R, Williams A (1990) The principles of practical cost-benefit analysis. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukhatme PV, Sukhatme BV (1970) Sampling theory of surveys with applications. Asia Publishing House, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan DF (1971) A single index of morbidity and mortality. HSMHA Health Rep 86:347–355

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton JH (2001) Physician data profiling proliferates. Bull Am Coll Surg 86:20–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tenney JB, White KL, Williamson JW (1974) National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: background and methodology. In: National Center for Health Statistics (ed) Vital and health statistics series 2: data evaluation and methods research No. 61. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiemann DR, Coresh J, Oetgen WJ, Powe NR (1999) The association between hospital volume and survival after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients. N Engl J Med 340:1640–1648

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torrance GW (1976) Social preference for health status. SocioEcon Plan Sci 10:129–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrance GW (1987) Utility approach to measuring health-related quality of life. J Chronic Dis 40:593–600

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torrance GW, Thomas WH, Sackett DL (1972) A utility maximisation model for evaluation of health care programs. Health Serv Res 7:118–133

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend (2001) NHS resource allocation review: targeting poor health (vol I). In: Welsh Assembly’s National Steering Group on the Allocation of NHS Resources. National Assembly for Wales, Cardiff

    Google Scholar 

  • Tseng H-M, Lu J-F R, Gandek B (2003) Cultural issues in using the SF-36 Health Survey in Asia: results from Taiwan. Health and quality of life outcomes 1:72. http://www.hqlo.com/content/1/1/72. Accessed 29 Mar 2011

  • Tucker MA, Weiner JP, Abrams C (2002) Health-based risk adjustment: application to premium development and profiling. In: Wrightson C (ed) Financial strategy for managed care organizations: rate setting, risk adjustment, and competitive advantage. Health Administration Press, Chicago, pp 165–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Tudor-Hart J (1971) The inverse care law. Lancet 1:405–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Tudor-Hart J (2000) Commentary: three decades of the inverse care law. BMJ 320:18–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau (2009) Income, poverty and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2008. http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/income_wealth/cb09-141.html. Accessed 29 Mar 2011

  • Van de Ven WPMM, Ellis RP (2000) Risk adjustment in competitive health plan markets. In: Culyer AJ, Newhouse JP (eds) Handbook of health economics, vol 1A. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp 755–845

    Google Scholar 

  • van Mosseveld CJPM (2003) International comparison of health care expenditure. Statistics Netherlands, Voorburg/Herlen

    Google Scholar 

  • Voß W (ed) (2003) Taschenbuch der Statistik, 2nd edn. Carl Hanser, München/Wien

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware JE, Sherbourne CD (1992) The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 30:473–483

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinermann JE (1971) Research on comparative health services systems. Med Care 9:272–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein MC, Stason WB (1977) Foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis for health and medical practices. New Engl J Med 296:716–721

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wennberg JE, Freeman JL, Culp WJ (1987) Are hospital services rationed in New Haven or over-utilised in Boston? Lancet 1:1185–1189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wennberg JE, Freeman JL, Shelton RM, Bubolz TA (1989) Hospital use and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries in Boston and New Haven. N Engl J Med 321:1168–1173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White T, Lavoie S, Nettleman, MD (1999) Potential cost savings attributable to influenza vaccination of school-aged children. Pediatrics 103:73e

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams A (1974) “Need” as a demand concept (with special reference to health). In: Culyer A (ed) Economic policies and social goals. Martin Robertson, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams A (2001) Science or marketing at WHO? A commentary on ‘World Health 2000’. Health Econ 10:93–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO) (1947) The constitution of the World Health Organization. WHO Chron 1:6–24

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2000) World health report 2000. Health systems: Improving performance. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright J (2001) Assessing health needs. In: Pencheon D, Guest C, Melzer D, Muir Gray JA (eds) Oxford handbook of public health practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 38–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Wüthrich-Schneider E (2000) Patientenzufriedenheit – wie verstehen? Teil 1. Schweizerische Ärztezeitung/Bulletin des médecins suisses/Bolletino dei medici svizzeri 81(20):1046–1048

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Ellis RP, Ash AS, Calabrese D, Ayanian JZ, Slaughter JP, Weyuker L, Bowen B (2001) Measuring population health risks using inpatient diagnoses and outpatient pharmacy data. Health Serv Res 26(6 Part II):180–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziese T, Neuhauser H, Kohler M, Rieck A, Borch S (2003) Flexible Ergänzung der Gesundheitssurveillance in Deutschland: Gesundheitssurveys per Telefon. Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes, Berlin. http://www.sgw.hs-magdeburg.de/kurmat/goepel/hoge/ggf/grundlagen/yhtml/pdf/tel-survey.pdf. Accessed 29 Mar 2011

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

    Authors
    1. Thomas Schäfer
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Christian A. Gericke
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Reinhard Busse
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Editor information

    Editors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiologic Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

      Wolfgang Ahrens

    2. Department of Biometry and Data Management, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

      Iris Pigeot

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    Copyright information

    © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

    About this entry

    Cite this entry

    Schäfer, T., Gericke, C.A., Busse, R. (2014). Health Services Research. In: Ahrens, W., Pigeot, I. (eds) Handbook of Epidemiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_38

    Download citation

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_38

    • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

    • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09833-3

    • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09834-0

    • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

    Publish with us

    Policies and ethics

    Search

    Navigation