Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dosimetry Methods

  • Reference work entry
Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry

  • 1938 Accesses

1 Introduction

The ionizing radiation quantity, absorbed dose (D) needs to be measured in many applications, and several effective dosimetry systems have been developed over the past century. The main purposes are measurement of (1) the energy imparted in a given mass of a specific material at a certain point of interest, namely dose, in units gray (Gy) where 1 Gy = 1 J/kg; (2) absorbed dose rate; (3) the dose distribution over a specified material volume. Dose measurement is of basic significance especially in radiation processing, radiation protection and medicine, and the physical and chemical concepts developed for dosimetry are equally relevant to these applications. Although some of these are described in other chapters, dosimetry systems used mainly in radiation processing are discussed here, however, when dealing with certain groups of dosimeters, other applications characteristic of that group are also described briefly.

2 Role of Dosimetry

The most important practical...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 1,699.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    1 Editors' note: The G-value is defined by Eq. (15) in Chapter 1, Volume 3, on ‘Radiation Chemistry’. It expresses the number of moles of the species transformed (i.e. produced, changed or destroyed) while 1 J of energy is imparted to the irradiated matter.

  2. 2.

    2 Editors' note: LET is acronym from linear energy transfer. It means the total energy loss of the radiation particle per unit distance as it passes through the given material (−dE/dx). Therefore it is closely related to the stopping power discussed in detail in Chapter 6 of Volume 1 on ‘Interaction of Radiation with Matter’. However, the aspects are different. The stopping power (S) expresses the effectiveness of a given substance to slow down and eventually stop a given particle, whereas the LET value expresses the ‘density’ of the energy deposited by the slowing particle in the substance, which, together with the flux density, will determine the absorbed dose, etc.

References to Dosimetry Methods

  • ANSI, 1993, Personnel Dosimetry Performance; Criteria for Testing, ANSI Standard No. N13.11-1993 (New York: American National Standards Institute).

    Google Scholar 

  • ANSI, 1996, Method for Evaluation Films for Monitoring X-rays and Gamma Rays Having Energies up to 3 Million Electron Volts, ANSI/NAPM Standard No. IT2.10-1996 (New York: American National Standards Institute).

    Google Scholar 

  • ARTANDI, C., STONEHILL, A. A., 1958, Nucleonics, 16, 118.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ASTM, 1995, Standard Practice for Using the Fricke Reference Standard Dosimetry System, ASTM Standard E 1026-95 (American Society for Testing and Materials, http://www.astm.org).

    Google Scholar 

  • ATTIX, F. H., 1959, Nukleonics, 17 (4), 142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AUXIER, J. A., 1980, Health Physics: A Backward Glance, edited by (R. L. Kathren and P. L. Ziemer, (Oxford: Pergamon Press), pp. 167−183.

    Google Scholar 

  • BAEYENS, B., CONINKX, F., MAIER, P., SCHONBACHER, H., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, 1984. STI/PUB/671. (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 275–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • BARQUERO, R., MENDEZ, R., INIGUEZ, M. P., VEGA, H. R., VOLTCHEV, M., 2002, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 101, 493.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BARRETT, J. H., 1982, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 33, 1177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BARRETT, J. H., SHARPE, P. H. G., STUART, I. P., 1980, Part 1. NPL Report RS 49 (Teddington, UK: National Physical Laboratory).

    Google Scholar 

  • BARTOLOTTA, A., CACCIA, B., INDOVINA, P. L., ONORI, S., ROSATI, A., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Symposium Proceedings, IAEA, STI/PUB/671 (Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 245–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • BECKER, K., 1966, Photographic Film Dosimetry, (London: The Focal Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • BECKER, K., 1973, Solid State Dosimetry, (Cleveland:CRC Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • BEWLEY, D. K., 1969, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 161, 94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BEWLEY, D. K., MCCULLOUGH, E. C., PAGE, B. C., SAKATA, S., 1972, Neutron Dosimetry in Biology and Medicine, Proceedings of First Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry (Munich/Neuherberg), pp. 159–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • BIELSKI, B., SHLUE, G. G., BAJUK, S., 1980, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 84, 830.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BIRAMONTRI, S., HANEDA, N., TACHIBANA, H., KOJIMA, T., 1996, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 48, 105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BISHOP, W. P., HUMPHERYS, K. C., RANDIKE, P. T., 1973, Rev. Sci. Instr., 44, 443.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BJäRNGARD, B., 1963, Aktiebolaget Atomenergie Report AE-118 (Sweden: Stockholm).

    Google Scholar 

  • BJERGBAKKE, E., 1970, Manual on Radiation Dosimetry, edited by N. W. Holm and R. J. Berry (New York: Marcel Dekker), part 2., pp. 323–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • BLAEDEL, W. J., PETITJEAN, D. L., 1956, Physical Methods in Chemical Analysis, Vol. III, edited by W. G. Berl, (New York: Academic Press), pp. 107–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • BOBROWSKI, K., DZIERZKOWSKA, J., STUGLIK, Z., ZAGORSKI, Z. P., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1985, J. Phys. Chem., 89, 4358.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BRADSHAW, W. W., CADENA, D. C., CRAWFORD, E. W., SPETZLER, H. A. W., 1962, Radiat. Research, 17, 11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BRADY, J. M., AAERESTAD, N. O., SWARTZ, H. M., 1968, Health Physics, 15, 43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BRODSKY, A., 1963a, Health Physics, 9, 463.

    Google Scholar 

  • BRODSKY, A., 1965, Health Physics, 11, 1071.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BRODSKY, A., KATHREN, R. I., 1963b, Health Physics, 9, 453.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BRYNJOLFSSON, A., HOLM, N. W., THäRUP, G., SEHESTED, K., 1963, Industrial Uses of Large Radiation Sources, Symposium Proceedings, Vol. II, (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency), pp. 281.

    Google Scholar 

  • BURGKHARDT, B., SINGH, D., PIESCH, E., 1977, Nucl. Inst. Methods, 141, 363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BURNS, D. T., MORRIS, W. T., 1988, High-Dose Calorimetric Standard for Electron Beams, NPL Report RS (EXT) 101 (Teddington, UK: National Physical Laboratory).

    Google Scholar 

  • BUTSON, M. J., ROZENFELD, A., MATHUR, J. N., CAROLAN, M., WONG, T. P. Y., METCALFE, P. E., 1996, Med. Phys. 23, 655.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CALVET, A., PRAT, H., 1956, Microcalorimetrie, Masson et Cie, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • CAMERON, J. R., 1970, Manual on Radiation Dosimetry, edited by N. W. Holm and R. J. Berry (New York: Marcel Dekker), Chapter C, pp. 405–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • CAMERON, J. R., SUNTHARALINGAM, N., KENNEY, G. N., 1968, Thermoluminescent Dosimetry (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • CHADWICK, K. H., RINTJEMA, D., BROEKE, W. R. R., 1978, Food Preservation by Irradiation, Proceedings of Symposium, Vol. II, IAEA Publication STI/PUB/470 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 327–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • CHADWICK, K. H., 1969, Atompraxis, 15, 181.

    Google Scholar 

  • CHADWICK, K. H., 1977, Ionizing Radiation Metrology, edited by E. Casnati, (Bologna: Editrice Compositori) pp. 195–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • CHAPPAS, W., 1980, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 18, 1017.

    Google Scholar 

  • CHARLESBY, A., 1960, Atomic Radiation and Polymers (New York: Academic Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • CHARLESBY, A., GOULD, A. R., LEDBURY, K. J., 1964, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 247, 348.

    Google Scholar 

  • CHEN, W., HAISHEN, J., XIANG, D., DONGYUAN, L., HUAYING, B., 1980, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 16, 195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CHRISTENSEN, P., 1982, Application of Thermoluminescent Dosimetry to High-Dose Measurements, Seminar on IAEA High-Dose Dosimetry in Industrial Radiation Processing (Roskilde: Ris⊘ National Laboratory).

    Google Scholar 

  • CHRISTENSEN, P., B⊘tter-Jensen, L., MAJBORN, B., 1982, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 33, 1035.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • COLLINS, A. K., MAKRIGIORGOS, G. M., SVENSSON, G. K., 1994, Med. Phys., 21, 1741.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DEPLANQUE, G., GESELL, T. F., 1982, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 31 (11), 1015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DIXON, R. L., ECKSTRAND, K. E., 1982, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 33, 1171.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DOLE, M., 1972, The Radiation Chemistry of Macromolecules, Vol. 1, (New York: Academic Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • DOMEN, S. R., 1982, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 87, 211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DOMEN, S. R., 1983a, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 34, 643.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DOMEN, S. R., 1983b, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 88, 373.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DOMEN, S. R., 1983b, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 88, 373.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DOMEN, S. R., 1987, The Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation, Vol. II, edited by K. R. Kase, B. Bjärngaard, and F. H. Attix (New York: Academic Press), Chapter 4, pp. 245–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • DOMEN, S. R., LAMPERTI, P. J., 1974, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., A78, 595.

    Google Scholar 

  • DOMEN, S. R., BA, W. Z., 1987, Nucl. Instr. MethodsPhys. Res., B 24/25, 1054.

    Google Scholar 

  • DOYLE, Y., 1980, The COMPU-DOSE Ceric-cerous Dosimeter System. Technical paper No. 10 in Proceedings of 2nd Gamma Processing Seminar (Ottawa: Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd).

    Google Scholar 

  • DUDLEY, R. A., 1966, Ch. 15 Radiation Dosimetry, edited by F. H. Attix and W. C. Roesch, (New York: Academic Press), Vol. 2, Ch. 15, pp. 325–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • DVORNIK, I., 1970, Manual on Radiation Dosimetry, edited by N. W. Holm and R. J. Berry (New York: Marcel Dekker), part II, pp. 345–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • DVORNIK, I., RAZEM, D., BARIC, M., 1969, Large Radiation Sources for Industrial Processes, IAEA Symposium Proceedings (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency), pp. 613–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • DVORNIK, I., ZEC, U., RANOGAJEC, F., 1966, Food Irradiation, Proceedings of Symposium, SM-73/15, IAEA, (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency), pp. 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • EBRAHEEM, S., BESHIR, W. B., EID, S., SOBHY, R., KOVáCS, A., 2003, Radiat. Phys. Chem. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • EBRAHEEM, S., BESHIR, W. B., KOVáCS, A., WOJNáROVITS, L., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1999, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 55, 785.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EHLERMANN, D. A. E., 1988, Health Impact, Identification, and Dosimetry of Irradiated Foods, Institue für Strahlenhygiene, Report 125, report of WHO Working Group, edited by K. W. Bögl, D. F. Regulla, and M. J. Suess (Neuherberg/Munich: Institut für Strahlenhygiene des Bundesgesundheitsamt) p. 415.

    Google Scholar 

  • EHRLICH, M., 1962, “The use of film badges for personnel monitoring”. Safety Series 8, IAEA STI/PUB/44, (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency).

    Google Scholar 

  • ETTINGER, R. V., PUITE, K. J., 1982, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 33, 1115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FARAHANI, M., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1988, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 32, 683.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FIELDEN, E. M., HOLM, N. W., 1970, Manual on Radiation Dosimetry, edited by N. W. Holm and R. J. Berry (New York: Marcel Decker) pp. 262–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • FöLDIáK, G., HORVáTH, Zs., STENGER, V., 1973, Dosimetry in Agriculture, Industry, Biology, and Medicine, Proceedings of Symposium, edited by the International Atomic Energy Agency, STI/PUB/311, (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 367–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • FOWLER, J. H., ATTIX, F. H., 1966, Radiation Dosimetry, Vol. II, edited by F. H. Attrix and W. C. Roesch (New York: International Atomic Energy Agency) p. 367.

    Google Scholar 

  • FRANKE, H., 1928 Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Röntgenstrahlen, 38, 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • FREYTAG, E., 1971, Health Phys., 20, 93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FRICKE, H., HART, E. J., 1966, Radiation Dosimetry, Vol. II, edited by F. H. Attix and W. C. Roesch (New York: Academic Press), Chapter 12, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • FUOCHI, P. G., LAVALLE, M., GOMBIA, E., MOSCA, R., KOVáCS, A., HARGITTAI, P., VITANZA, A., PATTI, A., 2001, Standardized Methods to Verify Absorbed Dose in Irradiated Food for Insect Control, Proceedings of a final Research Co-ordination Meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 113–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • GEHRINGER, P., PROKSCH, E., ESCHWEILER, H., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, STI/PUB/671 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 333–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • GENNA, S., JAEGER, R. G., NAGL, J., SANIELEVICI, A., 1963, At. Energy Rev., 1, 239.

    Google Scholar 

  • GIERLACH, Z. S., KREBS, A. T., 1949, Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium Therapy, 62, 559.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GLOVER, K. M., KING, M., WATTS, M. F., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, 1984. STI/PUB/671. (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 373–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • GUPTA, B. L., BHAT, R. M., NARIYAN, G. R., NILEKANI, S. R., 1985, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 26, 647.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GURNEY, R. W., MOTT, N. F., 1938, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 164, 151–168.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HANSEN, J. W., 1984, Ris⊘ Report R-507 (Roskilde, Denmark: Ris⊘ National Laboratory).

    Google Scholar 

  • HANSEN, J. W., OLSEN, K. J., 1986, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 28 (5–6), 535.

    Google Scholar 

  • HANSEN, J. W., OLSEN, K. J., WILLE, M., 1987, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 19, 43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HARTSOM, A., MACKAY, G., SPENDER, M., THOMSON, I., 1995, Absorbed Dose Mapping in Self-shielded Irradiators Using Direct Reading MOSFET Dosimeters, Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society, (25E Northside Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada: Thomson and Nielsen Electronics).

    Google Scholar 

  • HERZ, R. H., 1969, The Photographic Action of Ionizing Radiation, (New York: Interscience).

    Google Scholar 

  • HOROWITZ, Y. S., 1984, Thermoluminescence and Thermoluminescence Dosimetry, Vol. I, II, III (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • HUBBELL, J. H., 1982, Trends in Radiation Dosimetry, edited by W. L. McLaughlin (Oxford: Pergamon Press), Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 33, 1269.

    Google Scholar 

  • HUMPHREYS, J. C., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1989, Radiation Processing:State of the Art, Proceedings of 7th International Meeting on Radiation Processing, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 35, 744.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICRU, 1969, Radiation Dosimetry: X Rays and Gamma Rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 50 MeV, ICRU Report 14 (Bethesda, Maryland: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements).

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO, 1994, Personal Photographic Dosemeters, ISO/DIS Report 1757, (Geneva: International Standards Organization).

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO/ASTM, 2002a, Standard Practice for Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry System, ISO/ASTM Standard 51205, (American Society for Testing and Materials, http://www.astm.org).

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO/ASTM, 2002b, Standard Practice for Use of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System, ISO/ASTM Standard 51538 (American Society for Testing and Materials, http://www.astm.org).

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO/ASTM, 2002c, Standard Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Liquid Dosimetry System, ISO/ASTM 51540, (American Society for Testing and Materials, http://www.astm.org).

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO/ASTM, 2002d, Standard Practice for Use of Cellulose Acetate Dosimetry Systems, ISO/ASTM Standard 51650 (American Society for Testing and Materials, http://www.astm.org).

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO/ASTM, 2002e, Standard Practice for the Use of a Polymethylmethacrylate Dosimetry System, ISO/ASTM Standard 51276 (American Society for Testing and Materials, http://www.astm.org).

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO/ASTM, 2002f, Standard Practice for the Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry System, ISO/ASTM Standard 51275 (American Society for Testing and Materials, http://www.astm.org).

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO/ASTM, 2003a, Standard Practice for the Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System, ISO/ASTM Standard 51401 (American Society for Testing and Materials, http://www.astm.org).

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO/ASTM, 2003b, Standard Practice for Use of Calorimetric Dosimetry Systems for Electron Beam Dose Measurements and Dosimeter Calibrations, ISO/ASTM Standard 51631 (American Society for Testing and Materials, http://www.astm.org).

    Google Scholar 

  • JANOVSKY, I., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, STI/PUB/671, (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 307–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • JANOVSKY, I., HANSEN, J., CERNOCH, P., 1988, Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 39, 651.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JANOVSKY, I., MILLER, A., 1987, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 38, 931.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KANTZ, A. D., HUMPHERYS, K. C., 1977, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 9, 737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KOJIMA, T., TANAKA, R., MORITA, A., SEGUCHI, T., 1986, Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 37, 517.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KOVáCS, A., BARANYAI, M., WOJNáROVITS, L., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., MILLER, S. D., 1998, Radiation Technology for Conservation of the Environment, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, TECDOC-1023, edited by the International Atomic Energy Agency, (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 475–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • KOVáCS, A., BARANYAI, M., WOJNáROVITS, L., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., MILLER, S. D., MILLER, A., FUOCHI, P. G., LAVALLE, M., SLEZSáK, I., 2000a, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 57, 691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KOVáCS, A., BARANYAI, M., WOJNáROVITS, L., MILLER, S. D., MURPHY, M., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., SLEZSáK, I., KOVáCS, A. I., 2002, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 63, 777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KOVáCS, A., BARANYAI, M., WOJNáROVITS, L., SLEZSáK, I., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., MILLER, A., MOUSSA, A., 2000b, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 57, 711.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KOVÁCS, A., BARANYAI, M., WOJNÁROVITS, MOUSSA, A., OTHMAN, I., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1999, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 55, 795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KOVÁCS, A., STENGER, V., FöLDIáK, G., LEGEZA, L., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, STI/PUB/671, (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 135–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • KOVáCS, A., WOJNáROVITS, L., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., EBRAHEEM EID, S. E., MILLER, A., 1996, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 47, 483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KREBS, A. T., 1963, The Encyclopedia of X-Rays and Gamma Rays, edited by G. L. Clark (New York: Reinhold Publishing) pp. 274–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • KREIDL, N. J., BLAIR, G. E., 1956, Nucleonics, 14, 56.

    Google Scholar 

  • KREIDL, N. J., BLAIR, G. E., 1959, Nucleonics, 17, 58.

    Google Scholar 

  • KRIMINSKAYA, Z. K., MAKSHANOVA, N. P., DYUMAEV, K. M., PIKAEV, A. K., 1987, High Energy Chemistry, 22, 412.

    Google Scholar 

  • LAKSHMANAN, A. R., BHATT, R. C., 1979, Phys. Med. Biol., 24, 1258.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LAKSHMANAN, A. R., BHUWANCHANDRA, BHATT, R. C., 1978, Nucl. Instr. Methods., 153, 431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MARTIN, P. A., 1994, National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program. Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry, NIST Handbook 150–4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, (Washington DC: US Department of Commerce).

    Google Scholar 

  • MATTHEWS, R. W., 1981, J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 32, 861.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MATTHEWS, R. W., 1982, Trends in Radiation Dosimetry, edited by W. L. McLaughlin (Oxford: Pergamon Press), Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 33, 1159.

    Google Scholar 

  • MATTSON, L. O., JOHANSSON, K. A., 1982, Acta Radiol. Oncol., 21, 139.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCDONALD, J. C., LAUGHLIN, J. S., FREEMAN, R. E., 1976, Med. Phys., 3, 80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCDONALD, J. C., PINKERTON, A. P., WEISS, H., EPP, E. R., 1972, Radiat. Res., 49, 495.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1966, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 17, 85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1970a, Manual on Radiation Dosimetry, edited by N. W. Holm and R. J. Berry (New York: Marcel Dekker), Chapter 5, pp. 129–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1970b, Manual on Radiation Dosimetry, edited by N. W. Holm and R. J. Berry (New York: Marcel Dekker), Chapter 5, pp. 129–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1974, Sterilization by Ionizing Radiation, Vol. I, edited by E. R. L. Gaughran and A. J. Goudie (Montreal: Multiscience) p. 219.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1977, Radiation Processing, Vol. I, Transactions of 1st International Meeting, Puerto Rico, 1976, edited by J. Silverman and A. Van Dyken, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 9, 147.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1978, National and International Standardization in Radiation Dosimetry, Vol. I, Proceedings of Symposium Atlanta, 1977, IAEA, STI/PUB/471 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1983, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 21, 359.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, STI/PUB/671 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 357–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1988, Health Impact, Identification and Dosimetry of Irradiated Foods, ISH Report 125, Proceedings of WHO Workshop, Neuherberg/Munich, 1986, edited by K. W. Bögl, D. F. Regulla and M. J. Suess (Neuherberg/Munich: Intitut für Strahlenhygieje des Bundesgesundheitsamt) p. 384.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1996, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Solid State Dosimetry, Budapest, Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 66, 197.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., AL-SHEIKHLY, M., LEWIS, D. F., KOVáCS, A., WOJNáROVITS, L., 1994, Polymer Preprints, 35, 920.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., BA, W.-Z., CHAPPAS, W. J., 1988, Progress in Radition Processing, Vol. II, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium, Ottawa, 1987, edited by F. M. Fraser, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 31, 481.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., BOYD, A. W., CHADWICK, K. H., MCDONALD, J. C., MILLER, A., 1989, Dosimetry for Radiation Processing (London, New York, Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis) pp. 81, 113, 140.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., CHALKLEY, L., 1965, Phot. Sci. Engr., 9, 195.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., DESROSIERS, M. F., SAYLOR, M. C., 1993, Sterilization of Medical Products, Vol. VI, edited by R. F. Morissey, (Morin Heights, Canada: Polysciences Publications) pp. 213–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., HUMPHREYS, J. C., RADAK, B. B., MILLER, A., OLEJNIK, T. A., 1979, Advances in Radiation Processing, Vol. II, Transactions of Second International Meeting, Miami, 1978, edited by J. Silverman, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 14, 535.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., HUSSMANN, E. K., EISENLOHR, H. H., CHALKLEY, L., 1971, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 22, 135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., KHAN, H. M., WARASAWAS, W., AL-SHEIKHLY, M., RADAK, B. B., 1989, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 33, 39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., KOSANIC, M. M., 1974, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Iotopes, 25, 249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., LUCAS, A. C., KAPSAR, B. M., MILLER, A., 1979, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 14, 467.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., MILLER, A., ELLIS, S. C., LUCAS, A. C., KAPSAR, B. M., 1980, Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 175, 17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., MILLER, S. D., SAYLOR, M. C., KOVáCS, A., WOJNáROVITS, L., 1999, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 55, 247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., PUHL, J. M., AL-SHEIKHLY, M., CHRISTOU, M., MILLER, A., KOVáCS, A., WOJNáROVITS, W. L., LEWIS. D. F., 1996, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 66, 263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., URIBE, R. M., MILLER, A., 1983, Radiation processing, Vol. II, Transactions of 4th International Meeting, Dubrovnik, 1982, edited by V. Markovic, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 22, pp. 333–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • MEES, C.E. K., JAMES, T. H., (editors), 1994, The Theory of the Photographic Process, 5th edition, (New York: The Macmillan Co.).

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, A., 1984, J. Indust. Irradiat. Techn., 2 (3–4), 367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, A., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, 1984. STI/PUB/671. (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 425–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, A., 1995, Proceedings of the 9th International Meeting on Radiation Processing, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 46, 1243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, A., BATSBERG, W., KARMAN, W., 1988, Progress in Radiation Processing, Vol. II, Proceedings of 6th International Meeting, Ottawa, 1987, edited by F. M. Fraser, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 31, 491.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, A., BJERGBAKKE, E., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1975, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 26, 611.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, A., KOVáCS, A., 1985, Applications of Accelerators in Research and Industry '84, Part II, Proceedings of 8th Conference, Denton, Texas, Nucl. Instr. Methods, B10/11, 994.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, A., KOVáCS, A., KUNTZ, F., 2002, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 63, 739.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, A., KOVáCS, A., WIESER, A., REGULLA, D. F., 1989, Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on ESR Dosimetry and Applications, Neuherberg/Munich, 1988, Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 40, pp. 967–969.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, A., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1981, High-Dose Measurements in Industrial Radiation Processing, Technical Report Series No. 205. IAEA Publication STI/DOC/10/205 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) p. 119.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, A., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1982, Trends in Radiation Dosimetry, edited by W. L. McLaughlin (Oxford: Pergamon Press), J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 33, 1299.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, A., XIE, L., 1985, Food Irradiation Processing, Proceedings of Symposium, Washington, 1985. IAEA, STI/PUB/695 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) p. 347.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, S. D., ENDRES, G. W. R., MCDONALD, J. C., SWINTH, K. L., 1991, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 35, 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, S. D., STAHL, K. A., ENDRES, G. W. R., MCDONALD, J. C., 1989, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 22, 195.

    Google Scholar 

  • MILLER, S. D., YODER, C., 1996, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Solid State Dosimetry, Budapest, Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, 66, 89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MILWY, P., GENNA, S., BARR, N. F., LAUGHLIN, J. S., 1958, Proceedings of 2nd International Conference, Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Genev (New York: Columiba University Press) p. 142.

    Google Scholar 

  • MITCHELL, J. W., 1962, J. Phys. Chem. 66, 2359.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MOTT, N. F., GURNEY, R. W., 1948, Electronic Processes in Ionic Crystals, 2nd edition (New York: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • MULLER, A. C., 1970a, Manual on Radiation Dosimetry, edited by N. W. Holm and R. J. Berry (New York: Marcel Dekker) pp. 423–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • MULLER, A. C., 1970b, Manual on Radiation Dosimetry, edited by N. W. Holm and R. J. Berry (New York: Marcel Dekker) p. 429–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • MURRAY, K. M., ATTIX, F. H., 1973, Health Phys., 25, 169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NAKAYIMA, T., 1982, Trends in Radiation Dosimetry, edited by W. L. McLaughlin, (Oxford: Pergamon Press), Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 33, 1077.

    Google Scholar 

  • NAS-NRC, 1989, Film Badge Dosimetry in Atmospheric Nuclear Tests, (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council).

    Google Scholar 

  • NIROOMAND-RAD, A., BLACKWELL, C. R., COURSEY, B. M., GALL, K. P., GALVIN, J. M., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., MEIGOONI, A. S., NATH, R., RODGERS, J. E., SOARES, C. G., 1998, Med. Phys., 25, 2093.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OSTROWSKI, K., 1974, Sterilization by Ionizing Radiation, Volume I, edited by E. R. L. Gaughran and A. J. Goudie (Montreal: Multiscience Publications) p. 325.

    Google Scholar 

  • OSVAY, M., BíRó, T., 1980, Nucl. Intr. Methods, 175, 60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OSVAY, M., STENGER, V., FöLDIáK, G., 1975, Biomedical Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, STI/PUB/401 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 347.

    Google Scholar 

  • PARKER, R. P., 1970, Phys. Med. Biol., 15, 605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PESEK, M., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, STI/PUB/671 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 263–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • PETREE, B., LAMPERTI, P., 1967, J. Res. National Bureau of Standards, 71C, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • PFAHLER, G. E., 1922, Am. J. Roentgenology and Radium Therapy, 9, 467.

    Google Scholar 

  • PUIG, J. R., LAIZIER, J., SUNDARDI, F., 1974, Radiosterilization of Medical Products, Proceedings of Symposium, Bombay, (1974). IAEA, STI/PUB/383 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) p. 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • PUITE, K. J., ETTINGER, K. V., 1982, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 33, 1139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • QUIMBY, E. H., 1926, Radiol., 7, 211.

    Google Scholar 

  • RADAK, B. B., HJORTENBERG, P. E., HOLM, N. W., 1973, Dosimetry in Agriculture, Industry, Biology and Medicine, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, STI/PUB/311 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 311–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • RADAK, B. B., MARKOVIC, V., 1962, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 13, 287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RADAK, B. B., MARKOVIC, V. M., 1970, Manual on Radiation Dosimetry, edited by N. W. Holm and R. J. Berry (New York: Marcel Dekker), Chapter 3, pp. 45–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • RADAK, B. B., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., 1984, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 23, 673.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RAGEH, M. S. J., EL-BEHAY, A. Z., SOLIMAN, F. A. S., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, STI/PUB/671, (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 255–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • RAZEM, D., DVORNIK, I., 1973b., Radiation Preservation of Food, Proceedings of Symposium, Bombay 1972, edited by the International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA STI/PUB/317 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 537–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • RAZEM, D., OCIC, G., JAMICIC, J., DVORNIK, I., 1981, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 32, 705.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RAZEM, D., DVORNIK, I., 1973a, Dosimetry in Agriculture, Industry, Biology, and Medicine, Proceedings of Symposium, Vienna 1972, edited by the International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA STI/PUB/311, (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 405–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • REGULLA, D. F., 1972, Health Physics, 22, 491.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • REGULLA, D. F., DEFFNER, U., 1982, Trends in Radiation Dosimetry, edited by W. L. McLaughlin, (Oxford: Pergamon Press), Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 33, 1101.

    Google Scholar 

  • REGULLA, D. F., DEFFNER, U., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, STI/PUB/671 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) p. 221.

    Google Scholar 

  • RICKNER, G., GRUSSELL, E., 1987, Phys. Med. Biol., 32, 1109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ROLLINS, W., 1902, Electric Rev. 40, 795.

    Google Scholar 

  • SAYLOR, M. C., TAMARGO, T. T., MCLAUGHLIN, W. L., KHAN, H. M., LEWIS, D. F., SCHENFELE, R. D., 1988, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 31, 529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SEHESTED, K., 1970, Manual on Radiation Dosimetry, edited by N. W. Holm and R. J. Berry (New York: Marcel Dekker), part 2., pp. 313–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • SEHESTED, K., BJERGBAKKE, E., HOLM, N. W., FRICKE, H., 1973, Dosimetry in Agriculture, Industry, Biology and Medicine, Proceedings of Symposium Vienna 1972, edited by the International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA STI/PUB/311, (Vienna: nternational Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 397–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • SHARPE, P. H. G., BARRETT, J. J., BERKLEY, A. M., 1985, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 36, 647.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SHARPE, P. H. G., MILLER, A., 1999, Guidelines for the Calibration of Dosimeters for use in Radiation Processing, NPL Report CIRM 29, pp. 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • SMATHERS, J. B., OTTE, V. A., SMITH, A. R., ALMOND, P. R., ATTIX, F. H., SPOKAS, J. J., QUAM, W. M., GOODMAN, L. J., 1977, Med. Phys., 4, 74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • STERN, S., 1903, J. Cut. Dis. Incl. Syphilus, 21, 1127.

    Google Scholar 

  • STURMER, D. M., MARCHETTI, A. P., 1987, Imaging Processes and Materials, Neblette's 8th edition, edited by J. M. Sturge, V. Walworth, A. Shepp, (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold), Ch. 3., pp. 71–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • TAMURA, N., TANAKA, R., MITOMO, S., MATSUDA, K., NAGAI, S., 1981, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 18, 947.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TANAKA, R., MITOMO, S., TAMURA, N., 1984, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 35, 875.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TEMPERTON, D. J., DIXON, S. M., SHENTALL, G. S., ETTINGER, K. V., 1984, J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 35, 139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • THOMASSEN, J., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, IAEA, 1984. STI/PUB/671. (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency) pp. 171–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • US DOE, 1986, Department of Energy Standard for the Performance Testing of Personnel Dosimetry Systems. DOE Laboratory Accreditation Program for Personnel DosimetrySsystems, DOE Standard EH-0027, (Washington DC.: U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health).

    Google Scholar 

  • VAN LAERE, K., BUYSSE, J., BERKVENS, P., 1989, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 40, 885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WEISS, J., 1952., Nucleonics, 10 (7), 28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WEYDE, E., FRANKENBURGER, W., 1931, Trans. Faraday Soc., 27, 561.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHITAKKER, B., 1970, Manual on Radiation Dosimetry, edited by N. W. Holm and R. J. Berry (New York: Marcel Dekker) p. 363.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHITAKKER, B., 1988, Dosimetry and Control of Radiation Processing, Proceedings of Symposium of UK Panel on Gamma and Electron Irradiation, Teddington, 1987. NPL Report RS (EST) 7, (Teddington, UK: National Physical Laboratory) p. 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHITAKKER, B., WATTS, M., MELLOR, S., HENEGHAN, M., 1985, High-Dose Dosimetry, Proceedings of Symposium, Vienna, 1984. IAEA, STI/PUB/671.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHYTE, G. N., 1959, Principles of Radiation Dosimetry, (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).

    Google Scholar 

  • YODER, C. R., ZELAC, R. E., 1996, Applications of New Technology: External Dosimetry, Proc. Health Physics Society Summer School, Madison WI (1996), edited by J. Higginbotham, (Madison WI: Medical Physic Publ.), Ch. 5. pp. 95–121.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this entry

Cite this entry

(2003). Dosimetry Methods. In: Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30682-X_41

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30682-X_41

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1305-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-30682-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation