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Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry pp 1126–1184Cite as

Activation Analysis

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1 Introduction

In their early experiments with rare earth elements, Georg Hevesy and his student Hilde Levi observed that some of the elements became highly radioactive when exposed to irradiation with neutrons. Hevesy recognized that this method could be used for the qualitative detection of the rare earth elements, and he and Levi were the first to report on the new method of activation analysis (Hevesy and Levi 1936). At that time, the element discrimination was based on the half-life rather than the energy of the emitted radiation.

However, the method of neutron activation analysis (NAA) was not used much after its discovery. Only when the developing reactor technology in the 1950's made more neutron sources available, a rapid growth in NAA occurred. It should be noted that the initial development was combined with skilful advancements in radiochemistry since the radionuclides of interest had to be separated from interfering activities. This growth was further enhanced when...

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Notes

  1. 1.

    1 Editors' note: See also Eqs. (5) and (6) in Chapter 1, Volume 4, on ‘Reactor Produced Medical Radionuclides’.

  2. 2.

    2 Editors' note: See FIGURE 10 (left diagram) in Chapter 3, Volume 1, on ‘Nuclear Reactions’. The diagram also shows the ‘1/u’ law mentioned that appears as a sloping line in the log-log presentation.

  3. 3.

    3 Editors' note: See Eq. (33) as well as Chapter 3, Volume 5, on ‘Particle Accelerators’.

  4. 4.

    4 Editors' note: See more about stopping power in Chapter 6, Volume 1, on ‘Interaction of Radiation with Matter’, starting with Eq. (1).

  5. 5.

    5 The range is normally denoted by R, however, we have decided to change it to r, which cannot be confused with the reaction rate.

  6. 6.

    6 Editors' note: Note that the ‘macroscopic cross section’ is an analogous quantity to the ‘linear attenuation coefficient’ that is used in the exponent of the ‘Beer-Lambert law’ describing the attenuation of ? radiation.

  7. 7.

    7 Editors' note: See also Eqs. (66) and (67) in Subsection 4.3 of Chapter 5, Volume 1, on ‘Kinetics of Radioactive Decay’.

  8. 8.

    8 Editors' note: Throughout this chapter, the term ‘flux’ is used in the sense ‘flux density’ (dimension: cm-2 s-1). Although this use is not quite correct, we did not change it, firstly because most ‘neutron’ people use it that way and, secondly, because the ‘real flux’ (meaning the number of particles per time) is called here beam intensity I (see, e.g., Eq. (33)) so the two cannot be confused. The time integral of flux density is called ‘fluence’, giving the explanation for another synonym of the flux density: ‘fluence rate’.

  9. 9.

    9 Editors' note: See Appendix 1 of Volume 1 for ‘The International System of Units (SI)’.

  10. 10.

    10 Editors' note: The resonance integral has been defined by Eq. (6).

  11. 11.

    11 Editors' note: Note that for simplicity's sake, the Authors have omitted x (referring to the measured/unknown sample) from the subscripts in Eq. (38).

  12. 12.

    12 Editors' note: See more about radiochemical separations in Chapters 6 and 7, Volume 5, on’ solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange in Radiochemistry’ and ‘Radiochemical Separations by Thermochromatography’, respectively.

  13. 13.

    13 Editors' note: The separation techniques described in Chapters 6 and Chapter7 of Volume 5 are really fast. Fast separation is also a crucial requirement for the identification of transuranium/transactinide and superheavy elements as discussed in Chapters 7–10 of Volume 2.

  14. 14.

    14 Editors' note: HDEHP is di(2-ethyl-hexyl)orthophosphoric acid. It is used in SISAK equipment, e.g., for the identification of 243Np and 244Np. (See FIGURE 10 in Chapter 7, Volume 2, on ‘Production and Chemistry of Transuranium Elements’).

  15. 15.

    15 Editors' note: The term ‘photopeak’ means the same as the ‘full-energy peak’ used in Chapter 1, Volume 5, on ‘Radiation Detection’. The reason for the longer expression is that in a voluminous detector the photopeak is not necessarily connected with a single photoelectric effect. It can also be the result of a sequence of Compton scatterings etc. within the sensitive volume.

  16. 16.

    16 Editors' note: It has been pointed out in Chapter 7, Volume 1, on’ statistical Aspects of Nuclear Measurements’ (see remark (#70) and Eq. (111) there) that the dead time in itself (i.e. without any loss correction) will spoil the Poisson distribution of counts.

  17. 17.

    17 Editors' note: See Eq. (58) in Chapter 7, Volume 1, on’ statistical Aspects of Nuclear Measurements’.

  18. 18.

    18 Editors' note: For the benefit of those who are not familiar with American idioms we should mention that the adjective ‘round-robin’ means here that the analysis is done on samples taken from the same material sent to different NAA-labs.

  19. 19.

    19 Editors' note: Although the dimensions are different, the peculiar shapes of the curves can be traced back to that of the Bragg curve shown in FIGURE 5 of Chapter 6, Volume 1, on ‘Interaction of Radiation with Matter’.

  20. 20.

    20 Editors' note: As regards the rate of energy loss of charged particles and its dependence on different parameters see, e.g., Eqs. (1) and (3) in Chapter 6, Volume 1, on ‘Interaction of Radiation with Matter’.

  21. 21.

    21 Editors' note: Regular (mass) surface density (in g cm-2) gives essentially the same accuracy as areal number density (in atoms/cm2). This is why the stopping power expressions in Chapter 6, Volume 1, contain x as a measure of sample thickness in surface density units (e.g. in g/cm2) rather than a linear distance (in cm).

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(2003). Activation Analysis . In: Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30682-X_26

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30682-X_26

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