Self-repair or self-healing is the ability of a material (usually, a composite or nanocomposite) to partially or completely repair damage, such as voids and cracks, occurring during its service lifetime [
1,
2]. Self-repair is achieved by embedding a nano-, micro-, or multi-scale repair mechanism into the structure of the material (Fig.
1). Autonomous self-healing refers to the ability to repair damage without any external activation. Nonautonomous self-repair refers to healing mechanisms, which require external activation, such as heating the material.
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